Characterization of volatile organic compound emissions from consumer level material extrusion 3D printers
Characterization of volatile organic compound emissions from consumer level material extrusion 3D printers
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DOI：
10.1016/j.buildenv.2019.106209
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发表时间：
2019-08-01
影响因子：
7.4
通讯作者：
Black, Marilyn S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Davis, Aika Y.;Zhang, Qian;Black, Marilyn S.
熔丝制造(FFF)打印机是最常见的办公室、教育和消费级3D打印机类型，会释放出挥发性气体和超细颗粒(UFP)的复杂混合物，会恶化室内空气质量(IAQ)。随着这项技术变得越来越普遍，了解它们潜在的健康风险是很重要的。开发的用于表征和量化来自运行中的FFF3D打印机的排放的方法使用环境控制测试室测量颗粒和挥发性有机化合物(VOC)浓度随时间的变化。3D打印机排放的特征对于理解这项技术的化学安全性至关重要，这项技术可以提供指导，最大限度地减少无意的危险排放。这项研究发现，3D打印机是大量VOCs和颗粒物的来源，可以释放到室内空气中，识别出216种VOCs。对这些VOCs的室内空气和人体暴露影响进行了评估。印刷过程中释放的特定VOCs根据灯丝材料的不同而不同。空气样品中发现了单丝单体和降解副产物。总VOC排放量从聚乙烯醇长丝的147微克小时(-1)到尼龙长丝的1660微克小时(-1)不等。喷嘴温度、灯丝材料、灯丝品牌、打印机品牌和灯丝颜色都会影响VOC和颗粒物的排放。对某些已知或怀疑是致癌物质或刺激物的VOCs，预测了两种室内环境--卧室和教室--的个人暴露水平和房间暴露水平。一些令人担忧的化学物质超过了推荐的室内水平，与不利的健康影响有关。通过操作经过验证的低发射3D打印机和灯丝，尽可能降低打印机喷嘴温度，增加打印机周围的通风，并提供局部排气，可以将曝光水平降至最低。
Fused filament fabrication (FFF) printers, the most common type of office, educational, and consumer-level 3D printers, emit complex mixture of volatile gases and ultrafine particles (UFPs) that can deteriorate indoor air quality (IAQ). It is important to understand their potential health risks as the technology becomes more prevalent. The developed method for characterizing and quantifying emissions from an operating FFF 3D printer measures particulate and volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations over time using an environment controlled testing chamber. Characterization of 3D printer emissions is critical for understanding the chemical safety of this technology for providing guidance to minimize exposure to unintentional hazardous emissions.This study found 3D printers to be a source of numerous VOCs and particles that can be released into the indoor air with 216 individual VOCs identified. These VOCs were assessed for their indoor air and human exposure impact. The specific VOCs released during printing varied depending on the filament material. Filament monomers and degradation byproducts were identified in air samples. Total VOC emissions ranged from 147 mu g h(-1) for polyvinyl alcohol filament to 1660 mu g h(-1) for nylon filament. Nozzle temperature, filament material, filament brand, printer brand, and filament color all affected VOC and particle emissions. Personal exposure levels and room exposure levels in two indoor situations, a bedroom and a classroom, were predicted for certain VOCs known or suspected to be carcinogens or irritants. Some chemicals of concern exceeded recommended indoor levels linked to adverse health effects. Exposure levels could be minimized by operating verified low-emitting 3D printers and filaments, reducing the printer nozzle temperature when possible, increasing ventilation around the printer, and providing local exhaust.