Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids.
Escaping Deleterious Immune Response in Their Hosts: Lessons from Trypanosomatids.
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DOI：
10.3389/fimmu.2016.00212
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
7.3
通讯作者：
Holzmuller P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Geiger A;Bossard G;Sereno D;Pissarra J;Lemesre JL;Vincendeau P;Holzmuller P
锥虫科包括锥虫属和利什曼原虫属，这两种原生动物寄生虫表现出复杂的双遗传生命周期，需要脊椎动物宿主和昆虫载体。布氏冈比亚锥虫、克氏锥虫和利什曼原虫属。分别是引起人类非洲锥虫病（HAT 或昏睡病）、恰加斯病和各种临床形式的利什曼病的重要人类病原体。它们通过采采蝇、锥蝽或白蛉传播给人类，影响全世界数百万人。在人类中，细胞外非洲锥虫（T. brucei）逃避宿主的免疫防御，允许它们通过采采蝇载体传播到下一个宿主。相比之下，T. cruzi 和利什曼原虫 sp。已经形成了复杂的细胞内生活方式，也阻止了多种规避宿主免疫反应的机制。本综述旨在阐述由寄生虫与宿主相互作用产生的不同锥虫所开发的免疫逃避策略，并将重点关注：疾病的临床和流行病学重要性；生命周期：寄生虫-宿主-载体；先天免疫：锥虫入侵宿主的关键步骤；抗原呈递细胞失调；破坏有效的特异性免疫；以及用于寄生虫增殖的免疫反应。
The Trypanosomatidae family includes the genera Trypanosoma and Leishmania, protozoan parasites displaying complex digenetic life cycles requiring a vertebrate host and an insect vector. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania spp. are important human pathogens causing human African trypanosomiasis (HAT or sleeping sickness), Chagas’ disease, and various clinical forms of Leishmaniasis, respectively. They are transmitted to humans by tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, or sandflies, and affect millions of people worldwide. In humans, extracellular African trypanosomes (T. brucei) evade the hosts’ immune defenses, allowing their transmission to the next host, via the tsetse vector. By contrast, T. cruzi and Leishmania sp. have developed a complex intracellular lifestyle, also preventing several mechanisms to circumvent the host’s immune response. This review seeks to set out the immune evasion strategies developed by the different trypanosomatids resulting from parasite–host interactions and will focus on: clinical and epidemiological importance of diseases; life cycles: parasites–hosts–vectors; innate immunity: key steps for trypanosomatids in invading hosts; deregulation of antigen-presenting cells; disruption of efficient specific immunity; and the immune responses used for parasite proliferation.