Use of Foraminifera in Climate Science
Use of Foraminifera in Climate Science
复制标题
有孔虫在气候科学中的应用
DOI：
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发表时间：
2019
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
G. Schmiedl
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
G. Schmiedl
对过去气候和海洋环流变化的了解在很大程度上是基于来自海洋沉积物的信息。海洋沉积物包含各种微化石，它们记录了(古)环境信息，包括它们的动植物组合以及稳定的同位素和微量元素组成。19世纪末20世纪初的采样活动致力于沉积物类型和微化石类群的清查。随着20世纪下半叶各种国家和国际钻探计划的启动，沉积岩芯被系统地从所有海洋盆地中回收，并从那时起形成了我们对海洋和气候历史的知识。沉积岩心有孔虫测试的稳定氧同位素组成连续记录了晚白垩世-新生代冰川史。这一记录令人印象深刻地证明了地球轨道结构的周期性变化对气候的影响，其时间尺度为数万到数十万年，被描述为米兰科维奇周期。根据海洋微体化石群的起源和消亡模式，建立了生物地层学方案，可用于沉积物序列的测年。浮游微体化石组合的种类组成，如浮游有孔虫、放射虫、甲藻、球藻和硅藻，主要与海表面温度和盐度有关，也与营养物质和海冰的分布有关。底栖微化石群，特别是底栖有孔虫和介形类，对海底水深、氧气和食物供应的变化作出反应，并提供有关海平面变化和海洋底-上层耦合的信息。传递函数的建立和应用提供了定量的环境数据，可用于验证海洋和气候模拟实验的结果。分析设备和程序的进步使基于钙质、硅质和有机微体化石的稳定同位素和微量元素组成的新的替代物得以开发。动物群和地球化学数据的结合提供了来自同一样本集的环境和生物变化的信息。了解海洋微生物对过去不同幅度和速度的气候变化的反应，是评估海洋生态系统未来对全球变暖预期影响的复原力的基础。
The understanding of past changes in climate and ocean circulation is to a large extent based on information from marine sediments. Marine deposits contain a variety of microfossils, which archive (paleo)-environmental information, both in their floral and faunal assemblages and in their stable isotope and trace element compositions. Sampling campaigns in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were dedicated to the inventory of sediment types and microfossil taxa. With the initiation of various national and international drilling programs in the second half of the 20th century, sediment cores were systematically recovered from all ocean basins and since then have shaped our knowledge of the oceans and climate history. The stable oxygen isotope composition of foraminiferal tests from the sediment cores delivered a continuous record of late Cretaceous–Cenozoic glaciation history. This record impressively proved the effects of periodic changes in the orbital configuration of the Earth on climate on timescales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years, described as Milankovitch cycles. Based on the origination and extinction patterns of marine microfossil groups, biostratigraphic schemes have been established, which are readily used for the dating of sediment successions. The species composition of assemblages of planktic microfossils, such as planktic foraminifera, radiolarians, dinoflagellates, coccolithophorids, and diatoms, is mainly related to sea-surface temperature and salinity but also to the distribution of nutrients and sea ice. Benthic microfossil groups, in particular benthic foraminifera but also ostracods, respond to changes in water depth, oxygen, and food availability at the sea floor, and provide information on sea-level changes and benthic-pelagic coupling in the ocean. The establishment and application of transfer functions delivers quantitative environmental data, which can be used in the validation of results from ocean and climate modeling experiments. Progress in analytical facilities and procedures allows for the development of new proxies based on the stable isotope and trace element composition of calcareous, siliceous, and organic microfossils. The combination of faunal and geochemical data delivers information on both environmental and biotic changes from the same sample set. Knowledge of the response of marine microorganisms to past climate changes at various amplitudes and pacing serves as a basis for the assessment of future resilience of marine ecosystems to the anticipated impacts of global warming.