Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience.
Learned helplessness at fifty: Insights from neuroscience.
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从五十年代学习的无助：来自神经科学的见解。
DOI：
10.1037/rev0000033
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发表时间：
2016-07
影响因子：
5.4
通讯作者：
Seligman ME
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Maier SF;Seligman ME
习得性无助，即无法逃离由无法控制的厌恶事件引起的震惊，半个世纪前就被发现了。从理论上说，动物学会了结果与它们的反应无关——它们所做的一切都无关紧要——这种学习削弱了它们试图逃跑的能力。习得性无助的机制现在已经在生物学上得到了很好的描述，而最初的理论是倒退的。对冲击的被动反应不是后天习得的。这是对长时间厌恶事件的默认的非习得反应，它是由中隔背核的血清素能活动介导的，这反过来又抑制了逃避。这种被动可以通过学习控制来克服，内侧前额叶皮层的活动支持控制检测，导致中缝背核的自动抑制。所以动物学会了它们可以控制厌恶事件，但是被动地无法学会逃避是对长时间厌恶刺激的非习得反应。此外，腹内侧前额叶皮层-中缝背通路的改变可能有助于预期的控制。我们推测，默认被动性和补偿检测和控制期望可能对如何治疗抑郁症有实质性的影响。
Learned helplessness, the failure to escape shock induced by uncontrollable aversive events, was discovered half a century ago. theorized that animals learned that outcomes were independent of their responses—that nothing they did mattered – and that this learning undermined trying to escape. The mechanism of learned helplessness is now very well-charted biologically and the original theory got it backwards. Passivity in response to shock is not learned. It is the default, unlearned response to prolonged aversive events and it is mediated by the serotonergic activity of the dorsal raphe nucleus, which in turn inhibits escape. This passivity can be overcome by learning control, with the activity of the medial prefrontal cortex, which subserves the detection of control leading to the automatic inhibition of the dorsal raphe nucleus. So animals learn that they can control aversive events, but the passive failure to learn to escape is an unlearned reaction to prolonged aversive stimulation. In addition, alterations of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex-dorsal raphe pathway can come to subserve the expectation of control. We speculate that default passivity and the compensating detection and expectation of control may have substantial implications for how to treat depression.