Measles and the Modern History of Vaccination
Measles and the Modern History of Vaccination
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DOI：
10.1177/0033354919826558
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发表时间：
2019-03-01
影响因子：
3.3
通讯作者：
Conis, Elena
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Conis, Elena
1963年，第一批2种麻疹疫苗获得许可，预示着现代疫苗接种时代的到来。这个新时代与之前的疫苗接种时代不同，主要有四个原因。首先，联邦在支持地方一级免疫方面的领导作用增强。第二，免疫接种的支持者主张为儿童接种疫苗，认为这是确保人口得到保护的最佳手段。第三，免疫接种的支持者支持这样一种观点，即大规模接种疫苗不仅有助于控制传染病，而且还能根除传染病。第四，地方和联邦政府支持的免疫接种计划的重点开始扩展到儿童的“轻度”和“中度”疾病（如麻疹），所谓的，因为他们被视为比以前的大规模疫苗接种目标，如天花，脊髓灰质炎和白喉严重。本文遵循麻疹的历史，探讨免疫接种的成功和挑战，在这个现代时代，因为麻疹是第一个轻中度疾病，成为目标的联邦政府支持的根除通过疫苗接种运动，一个严重依赖于先发制人，需要接种疫苗的儿童。因此，它的故事集中体现了现代疫苗接种时代大规模免疫接种面临的政治、流行病学、文化和传播挑战。
The modern era of vaccination was heralded with the licensure of the first 2 measles vaccines in 1963. This new era was distinct from the preceding era of vaccination for 4 main reasons. First, federal leadership in support of immunization at the local level grew. Second, immunization proponents championed the required vaccination of children as the best means of ensuring a protected population. Third, immunization proponents championed the idea that mass vaccination would not only help manage infectious diseases but also eradicate them. Fourth, the focus of local and federally supported immunization initiatives began to extend to the "mild" and "moderate" diseases of childhood (eg, measles), so-called because they were seen as less severe than previous targets of mass vaccination, such as smallpox, polio, and diphtheria. This article follows the history of measles to explore immunization successes and challenges in this modern era, because measles was the first of the mild and moderate diseases to become the target of a federally supported eradication-through-vaccination campaign, one that relied heavily on the preemptive, required vaccination of children. Its story thus epitomizes the range of political, epidemiological, cultural, and communications challenges to mass immunization in the modern era of vaccination.