Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: Results from time series data from the APHEA project
Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: Results from time series data from the APHEA project
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DOI：
10.1136/bmj.314.7095.1658
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发表时间：
1997-06-07
影响因子：
105.7
通讯作者：
Anderson, HR
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Katsouyanni, K;Touloumi, G;Anderson, HR
目的：对全因死亡率与环境颗粒物和二氧化硫之间的关系进行前瞻性联合定量分析。设计：分析各种原因造成的每日死亡人数、二氧化硫和颗粒物（以黑烟或直径小于10微米的颗粒物（PM10）测量）浓度以及潜在混杂因素的时间序列数据。环境：参加APHEA项目（空气污染与健康：欧洲办法）的12个欧洲城市。主要结局指标：相对死亡风险。结果：在西欧城市，研究发现，二氧化硫或黑烟每增加50 μ g/m(3)，每日死亡率就会增加3%(95%可信区间为2%至4%)，PM10的相应数字为2%（1%至3%）。在中欧和东欧城市，二氧化硫浓度每变化50亩/立方米，死亡率增加0.8%(-0.1% - 2.4%)，黑烟死亡率增加0.6%（0.2% - 1.1%）。长时间（2至4天）暴露于空气污染物的累积效应所产生的估计值与一天的效应相当。结论：在气候和环境条件差异较大的西欧城市，结果的内部一致性表明，这些关联可能是因果关系。这些影响对健康的长期影响尚不确定，但今天相对较低水平的二氧化硫和颗粒仍对健康产生可检测到的短期影响，建议进一步减少空气污染。
Objectives: To carry out a prospective combined quantitative analysis of the associations between all cause mortality and ambient particulate matter and sulphur dioxide. . Design: Analysis of time series data on daily number of deaths from all causes and concentrations of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter (measured as black smoke or particles smaller than 10 mu m in diameter (PM10)) and potential confounders.Setting: 12 European cities in the APHEA project (Air Pollution and Health: a European Approach). Main outcome measure: Relative risk of death.Results: In western European cities it was found that an increase of 50 mu g/m(3) in sulphur dioxide or black smoke was associated with a 3% (95% confidence interval 2% to 4%) increase in daily mortality and the corresponding figure for PM10 was 2% (1% to 3%). In central eastern European cities the increases in mortality associated with a 50 mu/m(3) change in sulphur dioxide was 0.8% (-0.1% to 2.4%) and in black smoke 0.6% (0.2% to 1.1%). Cumulative effects of prolonged (two to four days) exposure to air pollutants resulted to estimates comparable with the one day effects. The effects of both pollutants were stronger during the summer and were mutually independentConclusions: The internal consistency of the results in western European cities with wide differences in climate and environmental conditions suggest that these associations may be causal. The long term health impact of these effects is uncertain, but today's relatively low levels of sulphur dioxide and particles still have detectable short term effects on health and further reductions in air pollution are advisable.