Emergent dual scaling of riverine biodiversity
Emergent dual scaling of riverine biodiversity
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.2105574118
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发表时间：
2021-11
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Akira Terui;Seoghyun Kim;Christine L. Dolph;Taku Kadoya;Yusuke Miyazaki
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Akira Terui;Seoghyun Kim;Christine L. Dolph;Taku Kadoya;Yusuke Miyazaki
意义更大的生态系统支持更多的物种；这种无处不在的模式是当前保护计划的基础。然而，许多生态系统具有复杂的空间结构，不能用面积来表示，这种复杂性在调节生物多样性格局中的作用在很大程度上是未知的。在这里，我们使用理论和大量的鱼类群落数据来表明，生态系统的规模和复杂性决定了河流的生物多样性。我们发现，由于空间和环境异质性的增加，更大和更多分支的“复杂”河流网络拥有更多的物种丰富。复杂性效应可与大小效应相媲美，无论生态环境如何，都出现了这种模式。我们的发现揭示了复杂生态系统的基本生态规律，为未来探索宏观生态模式奠定了基础。一种流行的范式表明，物种丰富度随着面积的增加而减速增加。这种无处不在的幂定律标度，物种-面积关系，形成了许多保护战略的基础。然而，在空间复杂的生态系统中，面积可能不是衡量生物多样性格局的唯一维度，因为分形生态系统结构的尺度不变的复杂性可能会驱动空间生态动力学。在这里，我们使用来自两个不同地理区域的大量鱼类群落数据的理论和分析来表明，河流生物多样性沿着生态系统规模和复杂性的两个正交维度遵循稳健的标度律(即，双重标度律)。在河网中，各种支流的反复汇合形成了分枝系统，其中分枝的盛行(生态系统复杂性)代表了生态系统生境异质性的宏观控制。与此同时，生态系统的大小决定了集合群落的大小和栖息地的总多样性，这两个因素调节着自然界中的生物多样性。我们的理论预测，无论模拟物种的特征如何，由于空间和环境异质性的增加，更大、更分支的“复杂”网络支持更大的物种丰富性。这些关系在对数轴上是线性的，表明生态系统的大小和复杂性是幂规律的。为了支持这一理论预测，尽管拥有不同进化历史的不同动物群，但在研究区域(日本北海道和美国中西部)的河流鱼类群落中一直出现幂定律。对偶标度律的出现可能是分支网络的普遍特性，对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。
Significance Larger ecosystems support more species; this ubiquitous pattern is the foundation of current conservation schemes. However, many ecosystems possess a complex spatial structure that cannot be represented by area, and the role of such complexity in regulating biodiversity patterns is largely unknown. Here, we use theory and extensive fish community data to show that ecosystem size and complexity dictate riverine biodiversity. We found that larger and more branched “complex” river networks harbored greater species richness due to increased space and environmental heterogeneity. The complexity effect was comparable to the size effect, and this pattern has emerged regardless of ecological contexts. Our discovery illustrates a fundamental ecological law in complex ecosystems, laying the groundwork for future research exploring macroecological patterns. A prevailing paradigm suggests that species richness increases with area in a decelerating way. This ubiquitous power law scaling, the species–area relationship, has formed the foundation of many conservation strategies. In spatially complex ecosystems, however, the area may not be the sole dimension to scale biodiversity patterns because the scale-invariant complexity of fractal ecosystem structure may drive ecological dynamics in space. Here, we use theory and analysis of extensive fish community data from two distinct geographic regions to show that riverine biodiversity follows a robust scaling law along the two orthogonal dimensions of ecosystem size and complexity (i.e., the dual scaling law). In river networks, the recurrent merging of various tributaries forms fractal branching systems, where the prevalence of branching (ecosystem complexity) represents a macroscale control of the ecosystem’s habitat heterogeneity. In the meantime, ecosystem size dictates metacommunity size and total habitat diversity, two factors regulating biodiversity in nature. Our theory predicted that, regardless of simulated species’ traits, larger and more branched “complex” networks support greater species richness due to increased space and environmental heterogeneity. The relationships were linear on logarithmic axes, indicating power law scaling by ecosystem size and complexity. In support of this theoretical prediction, the power laws have consistently emerged in riverine fish communities across the study regions (Hokkaido Island in Japan and the midwestern United States) despite hosting different fauna with distinct evolutionary histories. The emergence of dual scaling law may be a pervasive property of branching networks with important implications for biodiversity conservation.