Effects of climate change on Arctic marine mammal health
Effects of climate change on Arctic marine mammal health
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DOI：
10.1890/06-0553.1
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发表时间：
2008-03-01
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
O'Hara, Todd M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Burek, Kathy A.;Gulland, Frances M. D.;O'Hara, Todd M.
缺乏关于北极海洋哺乳动物健康、疾病和毒物影响的长期综合数据，严重限制了我们预测气候变化对海洋哺乳动物健康影响的能力。单个动物的整体健康是免疫状态、身体状况、病原体及其致病性、毒物暴露以及与这些因素相互作用的各种环境条件之间复杂相互作用的结果。气候变化可能会在几个方面影响这些互动。海冰栖息地的丧失、水和气温的升高以及恶劣天气的增加可能会产生直接影响。气候变化对动物健康的一些间接影响可能包括各种因素引起的病原体传播的变化、猎物基础/食物网变化对身体状况的影响、有毒物质暴露的变化以及与北极人类居住增加有关的因素(例如，人类和家畜排泄物和化学品造成径流中的化学和病原体污染，以及船舶交通增加，随之而来的是船只撞击、漏油、压舱物污染和可能的声学损伤的风险增加)。气候变化对海洋哺乳动物健康的影响程度也将因物种而异，有些物种对这些因素比其他物种更敏感。需要关于海洋哺乳动物健康参数的基线数据以及关于种群和气候变化趋势的匹配数据来记录这些变化。
The lack of integrated long-term data on health, diseases, and toxicant effects in Arctic marine mammals severely limits our ability to predict the effects of climate change on marine mammal health. The overall health of an individual animal is the result of complex interactions among immune status, body condition, pathogens and their pathogenicity, toxicant exposure, and the various environmental conditions that interact with these factors. Climate change could affect these interactions in several ways. There may be direct effects of loss of the sea ice habitat, elevations of water and air temperature, and increased occurrence of severe weather. Some of the indirect effects of climate change on animal health will likely include alterations in pathogen transmission due to a variety of factors, effects on body condition due to shifts in the prey base/food web, changes in toxicant exposures, and factors associated with increased human habitation in the Arctic (e.g., chemical and pathogen pollution in the runoff due to human and domestic-animal wastes and chemicals and increased ship traffic with the attendant increased risks of ship strike, oil spills, ballast pollution, and possibly acoustic injury). The extent to which climate change will impact marine mammal health will also vary among species, with some species more sensitive to these factors than others. Baseline data on marine mammal health parameters along with matched data on the population and climate change trends are needed to document these changes.