Heresy, Law and the State: Forfeiture in Late Medieval and Early Modern England
Heresy, Law and the State: Forfeiture in Late Medieval and Early Modern England
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异端、法律与国家：中世纪晚期和近代早期英格兰的没收
DOI：
10.1093/ehr/ceu008
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发表时间：
2014
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Cavill P
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Cavill P
作为对异端的惩罚，没收财产起源于罗马法，由教会法颁布，并适用于中世纪晚期的欧洲。英国15世纪初的教会和世俗立法正式采用了没收制度，以应对洛勒第的威胁。在奥德卡斯尔崛起的推动下，1414年，一项议会法案命令异教徒从今以后应受到重罪没收的惩罚。这种将异端与犯罪行为联系在一起的做法，为更多地参与镇压宗教异见提供了理由。因为异端被指定为一种重罪，王室要求罪犯的个人财产和领主的不动产；教会无权拥有异端的遗产。尽管该法为没收提供了普通法基础，但处罚是在其他情况下施加的，与英格兰以外的做法类似。尽管发生了理查德·亨恩事件，但在与罗马决裂期间，对异端的没收几乎没有引起什么争议。事实上，15世纪30年代的立法扩大了没收作为对宗教异议的惩罚的使用。1414年的法令在爱德华六世时期被废除，在玛丽一世时期恢复，在伊丽莎白一世时期再次废除。在1559年第二次废除之后，没收作为对异端的惩罚失效。异端与犯罪之间的联系也因此松动了。
As a punishment for heresy, forfeiture of property had originated in Roman law, was decreed by canon law, and applied across late medieval Europe. English ecclesiastical and secular legislation of the early fifteenth century formally adopted confiscation in response to the threat of Lollardy. Prompted by Oldcastle’s rising, in 1414 an Act of Parliament ordered that heretics should henceforth suffer the penalty of felony forfeiture. This identification of heresy with criminality justified greater lay involvement in the suppression of religious dissent. Because heresy was designated as a type of felony, the Crown claimed offenders’ personal possessions and lords their real property; the Church had no right to heretics’ estates. Although the Act provided the common-law basis for forfeiture, the penalty was imposed in other circumstances that paralleled practice outside England. Notwithstanding the Richard Hunne affair, forfeiture for heresy generated little controversy during the break with Rome. Legislation in the 1530s, in fact, extended the use of forfeiture as a punishment for religious dissent. The Act of 1414 was repealed under Edward VI, revived under Mary I, and again repealed under Elizabeth I. Following this second repeal in 1559, forfeiture lapsed as a penalty for heresy. The association between heresy and crime was thus loosened.