THEORY OF THE HUMAN OPERATOR IN CONTROL SYSTEMS II. MAN AS AN ELEMENT IN A CONTROL SYSTEM
THEORY OF THE HUMAN OPERATOR IN CONTROL SYSTEMS II. MAN AS AN ELEMENT IN A CONTROL SYSTEM
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DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-8295.1948.tb01149.x
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发表时间：
1948-03-01
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Craik, K. J. W.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Craik, K. J. W.
(1)感觉装置，将视线和目标之间的失调转换为适当的生理对应物，如神经脉冲模式，就像雷达接收器将失调转换为误差电压一样。(2)一种计算系统，它对失调输入作出反应，根据以前的经验计算出一种神经反应，以适当地减少失调;这一过程似乎发生在大脑皮层中。(3)一种放大系统--运动神经末梢和肌肉--其中微量的能量（运动神经中的冲动）控制肌肉中大量能量的释放，从而完成机械功。(4)机械连接（四肢的枢轴和杠杆系统），使肌肉的工作产生外部可观察到的效果，如放下枪。这些考虑有助于弥合人作为对感官刺激作出反射和习得反应的动物的生理陈述与在完全自动化系统中被设计来实现相同功能的机械类型方面的工程陈述之间的差距。问题是要详细地发现这个人链的特性，例如它的感觉分辨力、它的最大功率输出和最佳负载、它的频率特性和时滞、它的振幅失真和内部循环系统是否进入它、它的灵活性和自我修改特性等等，以便示出与自动系统相比人工操作者的各种优点和缺点。
(1) Sensory devices, which transform a misalinement between sight and target into suitable physiological counterparts, such as patterns of nerve impulses, just as a radar receiver transforms misalinement into an error-voltage.(2) A computing system which responds to the misalinement-input by giving a neural response calculated, on the basis of previous experience, to be appropriate to reduce the misalinement; this process seems to occur in the cortex of the brain.(3) An amplifying system—the motor-nerve endings and the muscles—in which a minute amount of energy (the impulses in the motor nerves) controls the liberation of much greater amounts of energy in the muscles, which thus perform mechanical work.(4) Mechanical linkages (the pivot and lever systems of the limbs) whereby the muscular work produces externally observable effects, such as laying a gun. Such considerations serve to bridge the gap between the physiological statement of man as an animal giving reflex and learned responses to sensory stimuli, and the engineering statement in terms of the type of mechanism which would be designed to fulfil the same function in a wholly automatic system. The problem is to discover in detail the characteristics of this human chain, such as its sensory resolving-power, its maximum poweroutput and optimum loads, its frequency-characteristics and time-lags, its amplitudedistortion and whether or not internal cyclic systems enter into it, its flexibility and self-modifying properties, etc., with a view to showing the various advantages and disadvantages of the human operator as compared with an automatic system.