IMPLICIT THEORIES AND THEIR ROLE IN JUDGMENTS AND REACTIONS - A WORLD FROM 2 PERSPECTIVES
IMPLICIT THEORIES AND THEIR ROLE IN JUDGMENTS AND REACTIONS - A WORLD FROM 2 PERSPECTIVES
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DOI：
10.1207/s15327965pli0604_1
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发表时间：
1995-01-01
影响因子：
9.3
通讯作者：
HONG, YY
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
DWECK, CS;CHIU, CY;HONG, YY
在这篇目标文章中，我们提出了个体判断和反应差异的新模型的证据。该模型认为，人们关于人类属性的隐含理论构建了他们对人类行为和结果的理解和反应方式。我们回顾的研究表明，当人们相信属性(如智力或品德)是固定的、类似于特征的实体(一种实体理论)时，他们往往会根据这些固定的特征来理解结果和行动(“我没有通过测试是因为我是哑巴”，或者“他偷面包是因为他不诚实”)。相反，当人们相信属性更有活力、可塑性和发展性时(这是一种增量理论)，他们往往不那么关注广泛的特征，而是倾向于从更具体的行为或心理媒介的角度来理解结果和行动(“我没有通过测试是因为我的努力或策略”，或者“他偷面包是因为他绝望了”)。这两个框架似乎也培养了不同的反应：对个人挫折的无助反应和以掌握为导向的反应，以及强调惩罚而不是对违法行为的教育或康复。这些发现从它们对个性、动机和社会知觉的影响方面进行了讨论。
In this target article, we present evidence for a new model of individual differences in judgments and reactions. The model holds that people's implicit theories about human attributes structure the way they understand and react to human actions and outcomes. We review research showing that when people believe that attributes (such as intelligence or moral character) are fixed, trait-like entities (an entity theory), they tend to understand outcomes and actions in terms of these fixed traits (''I failed the test because I am dumb'' or ''He stole the bread because he is dishonest''). In contrast, when people believe that attributes are more dynamic, malleable, and developable (an incremental theory), they tend refocus less on broad traits and, instead, tend to understand outcomes and actions in terms of more specific behavioral or psychological mediators (''I failed the test because of my effort or strategy'' or ''He stole the bread because he was desperate''). The two frameworks also appear to foster different reactions: helpless versus mastery-oriented responses to personal setbacks and an emphasis on retribution versus education or rehabilitation for transgressions. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for personality, motivation, and social perception.