Source of Pollen, Distance from Pollinizer, and Time of Pollination Affect Yields in Block-type Pecan Orchards
Source of Pollen, Distance from Pollinizer, and Time of Pollination Affect Yields in Block-type Pecan Orchards
复制标题
花粉来源、授粉者距离和授粉时间对块式山核桃园产量的影响
DOI：
10.21273/hortsci.32.7.1182
复制
发表时间：
1997
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
B. Wood
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
B. Wood
山核桃[Carya illinoinensis(Wangenh.)K.Koch]发生在一般认为免于授粉相关作物损失的块状果园中，因为附近有大量潜在的传粉者。由于其作为后备授粉者的作用，非遗传型似乎是这类果园的潜在主要资产；因此，它们的存在确保了作物不会因授粉不良而损失。随着距‘斯图尔特’授粉行距离的增加，‘理想’主要作物行的座果率呈S形下降。对于15.4米的行距，根据作物年份的不同，在49米到78米之间的降幅最大。最大座果量排在授粉器旁边的几排。树龄和春季温度对花成熟窗特征的影响可能是块状果园授粉相关座果损失的主要因素，这些果园依赖于单一互补授粉器或邻近树木的花粉。例如，较老/较大的树的花成熟较早，相对于雌花，较高的春季温度促进了柳絮的发育。当雌花在接受后1天左右或更短的时间内接受花粉时，最大座果发生；而当在初始接受后4天或更长时间左右授粉时，不能授粉。这些发现表明，美国东南部的许多块状果园正在表现出与授粉有关的减产，未来此类果园的建立值得注意传粉者的空间和时间分布。
Inadequate cross-pollination of pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] occurred in block-type orchards generally thought exempt from pollination-related crop losses because of an abundance of nearby potential pollinizers. Off-genotypes appeared to be potentially major assets in such orchards due to their role as backup pollinizers; hence, their presence insures against crop losses due to poor pollination. Fruit-set in 'Desirable' main crop rows declined sigmoidally as distance from 'Stuart' pollinizer rows increased. For 15.4-m row spacings, rate of decrease was maximum between 49 and 78 m, depending on crop year. Maximum fruit-set was in rows immediately adjacent to the pollinizer. Tree agelsize and spring temperature influences on the characteristics of flower maturity windows are probably primary factors contributing to pollination-related fruit-set losses in block-type orchards relying upon pollen from a single complementary pollinizer or from neighborhood trees. For example, flower maturity was earlier in older/ larger trees, and higher spring temperatures accelerated catkin development relative to that of pistillate flowers. Maximum fruit-set occurred when pistillate flowers received pollen around 1 day or less after becoming receptive, whereas no fruit-set occurred when they were pollinated around four or more days after initial receptivity. These findings indicate that many block-type orchards in the southeastern United States are exhibiting pollination-related crop reductions and that future establishment of such orchards merits caution regarding the spatial and temporal distribution of pollinizers.