Coastal squeeze on temperate reefs: Long‐term shifts in salinity, water quality, and oyster‐associated communities
Coastal squeeze on temperate reefs: Long‐term shifts in salinity, water quality, and oyster‐associated communities
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对温带珊瑚礁的沿海挤压：盐度、水质和牡蛎相关群落的长期变化
DOI：
10.1002/eap.2609
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发表时间：
2022
影响因子：
5
通讯作者：
Fodrie, F. Joel
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Tice‐Lewis, Maxwell;Zhang, Y. Stacy;Redding, S. Gray;Lindquist, Niels L.;Rodriguez, Antonio B.;Fieseler, Clare M.;Walker, Quentin A.;Fodrie, F. Joel
基础物种，如红树林、盐沼、海藻、海草和牡蛎，在合适的环境中茁壮成长，成为陆地-海洋边缘的狭窄带状地带。因此，这些栖息地形成的物种和栖息地的动物对改变的环境梯度很敏感。对于牡蛎，受海平面上升、航道化和市政基础设施影响的许多河口正在经历咸水入侵和水质恶化，这可能会改变珊瑚礁的分布、功能和服务。为了探索温带河口十年尺度的牡蛎-生物礁群落模式对环境变化的响应，我们在2013-2015年间对纽波特河口(NRE)的生物礁进行了重新采样，此前在1955-1956年期间对其进行了研究。我们还合并了历史的NRE珊瑚礁分布(1880-2015)、盐度(1913-2015)和水质驱动的贝类捕捞边界(1970-2015)数据，以记录可能影响珊瑚礁生态和服务提供的环境趋势。在过去的60-120年 年里，整个北半球都转向了更高的盐度。因此，整个河口的牡蛎-珊瑚礁群落变得不那么明显，表现为与20世纪50年代相比，2010年代NRE珊瑚礁的物种周转量和动物丰富度下降了20%-27%。在2010年代，NRE牡蛎-珊瑚礁群落倾向于聚集在真盐碱、潮间带珊瑚礁类型周围，比20世纪50年代更多。在此之前，随着NRE条件变得更加海洋性，有利于侵略性的、破坏珊瑚礁的分类群，河口上游的动物群扩张和潮下礁石的生物退化。除了这些生物变化外，自首次探索NRE珊瑚礁的自然历史以来，潮下生物礁持续存在(由于河口上游海水入侵而收缩)和支持人类收获(受水质驱动，来自河口上游的侵蚀)的适宜底部面积减少了75%。这种对可捕捞潮下牡蛎的“沿海挤压”(沿NRE主轴从4.5公里减少到0.75公里)可能会对未来牡蛎保护的经济激励以及剩余贝类珊瑚礁提供的一整套服务(例如，生物多样性维护、海鲜供应)产生影响。更广泛地说，这些发现表明，在全球剧烈变化的时代，“挤压”可能是陆地或海洋交错带沿线生物栖息地的普遍关切。
Foundation species, such as mangroves, saltmarshes, kelps, seagrasses, and oysters, thrive within suitable environmental envelopes as narrow ribbons along the land–sea margin. Therefore, these habitat‐forming species and resident fauna are sensitive to modified environmental gradients. For oysters, many estuaries impacted by sea‐level rise, channelization, and municipal infrastructure are experiencing saltwater intrusion and water‐quality degradation that may alter reef distributions, functions, and services. To explore decadal‐scale oyster–reef community patterns across a temperate estuary in response to environmental change, we resampled reefs in the Newport River Estuary (NRE) during 2013–2015 that had previously been studied during 1955–1956. We also coalesced historical NRE reef distribution (1880s–2015), salinity (1913–2015), and water‐quality‐driven shellfish closure boundary (1970s–2015) data to document environmental trends that could influence reef ecology and service delivery. Over the last 60–120 years, the entire NRE has shifted toward higher salinities. Consequently, oyster–reef communities have become less distinct across the estuary, manifest by 20%–27% lower species turnover and decreased faunal richness among NRE reefs in the 2010s relative to the 1950s. During the 2010s, NRE oyster–reef communities tended to cluster around a euhaline, intertidal‐reef type more so than during the 1950s. This followed faunal expansions farther up estuary and biological degradation of subtidal reefs as NRE conditions became more marine and favorable for aggressive, reef‐destroying taxa. In addition to these biological shifts, the area of suitable bottom on which subtidal reefs persist (contracting due to up‐estuary intrusion of marine waters) and support human harvest (driven by water quality, eroding from up‐estuary) has decreased by >75% since the natural history of NRE reefs was first explored. This “coastal squeeze” on harvestable subtidal oysters (reduced from a 4.5‐km to a 0.75‐km envelope along the NRE's main axis) will likely have consequences regarding the economic incentives for future oyster conservation, as well as the suite of services delivered by remaining shellfish reefs (e.g., biodiversity maintenance, seafood supply). More broadly, these findings exemplify how “squeeze” may be a pervasive concern for biogenic habitats along terrestrial or marine ecotones during an era of intense global change.