Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison
Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison
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DOI：
10.1111/1467-8624.00461
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发表时间：
2002-07-01
影响因子：
4.6
通讯作者：
Liefooghe, APD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Smith, PK;Cowie, H;Liefooghe, APD
最近，对校园欺凌的研究已经进入国际视野，但在不同语言中找到与英语单词欺凌相对应的术语却面临着困难。为了调查不同术语的含义，设计了一套25个棍状人物卡通，涵盖了同龄人之间的一系列社交情况。这些漫画被展示给来自14个不同国家学校的8岁和14岁学生(N=1245；8岁604，14岁n=641)样本，由他们判断各种与欺凌同源的当地术语是否适用于他们。来自10种印欧语言和3种亚洲语言的词汇被抽样。多维度量表显示，8岁儿童主要区分非攻击性和攻击性的卡通情景；而14岁的儿童区分打架和身体欺凌，也歧视言语欺凌和社会排斥。性别差异不如年龄差异明显。基于14年前的数据，然后构建了五个主要卡通群的67个单词的个人资料。使用的术语主要分为六类：(所有种类的)欺凌、言语加身体欺凌、单纯的言语欺凌、社会排斥、单纯的身体攻击，以及主要的身体攻击。这些发现与儿童如何理解欺凌的发展趋势有关，可以从跨国研究中得出的推论，以及此类研究的设计进行了讨论。
The study of school bullying has recently assumed an international dimension, but is faced with difficulties in finding terms in different languages to correspond to the English word bullying. To investigate the meanings given to various terms, a set of 25 stick-figure cartoons was devised, covering a range of social situations between peers. These cartoons were shown to samples of 8- and 14-year-old pupils (N = 1,245; n = 604 at 8 years, n = 641 at 14 years) in schools in 14 different countries, who judged whether various native terms cognate to bullying, applied to them. Terms from 10 Indo-European languages and three Asian languages were sampled. Multidimensional scaling showed that 8-year-olds primarily discriminated nonaggressive and aggressive cartoon situations; however, 14-year-olds discriminated fighting from physical bullying, and also discriminated verbal bullying and social exclusion. Gender differences were less appreciable than age differences. Based on the 14-year-old data, profiles of 67 words were then constructed across the five major cartoon clusters. The main types of terms used fell into six groups: bullying (of all kinds), verbal plus physical bullying, solely verbal bullying, social exclusion, solely physical aggression, and mainly physical aggression. The findings are discussed in relation to developmental trends in how children understand bullying, the inferences that can be made from cross-national studies, and the design of such studies.