Perseveration and Stereotypy - Systems-level Insights from Clinical Psychology
Perseveration and Stereotypy - Systems-level Insights from Clinical Psychology
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DOI：
10.1079/9780851990040.0121
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发表时间：
2006-01-01
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影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Garner, J. P.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Garner, J. P.
因此，这一脑区是刻板印象诱导药物（如安非他明等精神兴奋剂）的主要作用部位，并且经常受到异常饲养条件的影响（如以下章节所述）。在这些情况下，与刻板印象特别相关的变化涉及所谓的“间接途径”的神经元活动不足，然后无法抑制正在进行的行为反应，导致被称为“复发性”或“持续性持续”的不适当重复形式。这种持续性表现的方式可能会因时因地而异（例如，持续性进食可能很快就会伴随着持续性饮酒），但刻板印象似乎可能是一种行为的持续性表现（例如挖掘或逃跑尝试;参见。第4章：这是一场又一场的重复。在建立了临床和实验心理学的证据之后，加纳描述了一系列的实验，这些实验提出了这样一个问题：具有高度刻板印象的圈养动物是否也表现出强烈的顽固倾向？答案是肯定的，他们确实如此。在迄今为止观察的每一个物种中，从跳跃的田鼠到踱步的太阳熊，最刻板的是2006年。Stereotypic Animal Behaviour：Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare，2nd edn.（动物行为的刻板印象：福利的基础和应用，第2版）Mason和J. Rushen）121个个体在旨在评估他们在灭绝中放弃学习反应的能力的任务中也表现出最持久、重复的反应，或者他们自发产生可变与可预测反应的倾向。这项工作具有重要意义。潜在地，它为我们提供了一种区分“真正的”刻板印象与其他形式的重复性异常行为的方法。它还使动物行为学家能够比迄今为止更精确地讨论“病理学”或“功能障碍”，并为研究圈养动物的行为开辟了一个非侵入性诊断测试的世界。它甚至可以鼓励神经科学家重新审视他们的研究动物，认为笼子里的老鼠每晚翻几个小时的跟头可能不是非常正常的“模型”。然而，本章也强调了两个主要的警告，这反过来又代表了未来研究的重要方向。首先，并非所有圈养动物的刻板印象的相关性都与这里提出的功能障碍的具体形式一致，也不能用它来解释刻板印象的所有方面（例如形式和时间）：因此我们也需要研究替代或额外的过程。第二，现有的相关研究不能说明刻板印象的持续是异常的还是由囚禁引起的。接下来的章节表明这是可能的，但这个问题远未解决。GM
This brain region is thus the main site of action for stereotypy-inducing drugs (eg psychostimulants like amphetamine); and is often affected by abnormal rearing conditions (eg those reviewed in the following chapters). In these instances, the changes specifically implicated in stereotypy involve underactivity in the neurons of the so-called ‘indirect pathway’, which then fail to inhibit ongoing behavioural responses resulting in forms of inappropriate repetition termed ‘recurrent’or ‘continuous perseveration’. How such perseveration is manifest can vary from one moment to the next (perseverative eating could be rapidly followed by perseverative drinking for example), but stereotypies seem likely to be the perseverative performance of one type of behaviour (eg digging or escape attempts; cf. Chapter 4), that is itself then repeated bout after bout. After building on evidence for this from clinical and experimental psychology, Garner then describes a series of experiments that ask, do captive animals with high levels of stereotypy also show strong tendencies to perseverate? The answer is yes, they do. In every species looked at to date, from jumping bank voles to pacing sun bears, the most stereotypic ß CABI 2006. Stereotypic Animal Behaviour: Fundamentals and Applications to Welfare, 2nd edn (eds G. Mason and J. Rushen) 121 individuals also show the most persistent, repetitive responding in tasks designed to assess their abilities to give up a learnt response in extinction, or their tendencies to spontaneously generate variable versus predictable responses. This work has important implications. Potentially, it gives us a means of distinguishing ‘true’stereotypies from other forms of repetitive abnormal behaviour. It also allows ethologists to discuss ‘pathology’or ‘dysfunction’much more precisely than they have done to date, and it opens up a world of non-invasive, diagnostic tests for investigating captive animals’ behaviour. It could even encourage neuroscientists to look anew at their research animals, in suggesting that caged mice that somersault for hours a night may perhaps not be very normal ‘models’ on which to work. However, the chapter also highlights two major caveats, which in turn represent important directions for future research. The first is that not all correlates of captive animals’ stereotypies are consistent with the specific form of dysfunction proposed here, and nor can all aspects of stereotypy be explained by it (eg form and timing): we thus need to investigate alternative or additional processes too. The second is that the correlational studies reported here cannot tell us whether the perseveration of stereotypers is abnormal or even induced by captivity. The following chapters suggest this to be likely, but the issue is far from resolved. GM