M1 and M2 Macrophages: Oracles of Health and Disease
M1 and M2 Macrophages: Oracles of Health and Disease
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DOI：
10.1615/critrevimmunol.v32.i6.10
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发表时间：
2012-01-01
影响因子：
1.3
通讯作者：
Mills, Charles D.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Mills, Charles D.
免疫学的目的很简单。治疗或预防疾病。M1/M2是有用的，因为它很简单。M1/M2描述了巨噬细胞的两种主要且相反的活性。M1活性抑制细胞增殖并引起组织损伤，而M2活性促进细胞增殖和组织修复。值得注意的是，主要负责这些“战斗”（NO）或“修复”（鸟氨酸）活动的分子都来自精氨酸，并通过相互下调的酶促途径（iNOS和NOS）。选择名称M1和M2是因为M1和M2巨噬细胞分别促进Th 1和Th 2应答。Th 1和Th 2应答的产物（例如，IEN-γ、IL-4）也分别下调M2和M1活性。因此，M1/M2证明了先天免疫的重要性，以及它如何在一个完美的平衡系统中与适应性免疫联系在一起。“文明”和寿命的增加提出了新的疾病挑战，如癌症和动脉粥样硬化，不显示经典的“外来”抗原。而且，这些疾病通常与M1或M2型反应有关（或由M1或M2型反应引起），这些反应以前可用于对抗感染，但现在在我们日益“无菌”的社会中是不合适的。反过来，在现代疾病中调节M1或M2先天反应以实现更好的健康方面有相当大的潜力。最后，由于M1和Th 1（或M2和Th 2）通常协同工作以产生特征性免疫应答和疾病病理，因此建议免疫1型或2型（IT 1，IT 2）将是一个更简单和统一的术语。
The purpose of immunology is simple. Cure or prevent disease. M1/M2 is useful because it is simple. M1/M2 describes the two major and opposing activities of macrophages. M1 activity inhibits cell proliferation and causes tissue damage while M2 activity promotes cell proliferation and tissue repair. Remarkably, the molecules primarily responsible for these "Fight" (NO) or "Fix" (Ornithine) activities both arise from arginine, and via enzymatic pathways (iNOS and arginase) that down regulate each other. The names M1 and M2 were chosen because M1 and M2 macrophages promote Th1 and Th2 responses, respectively. Products of Th1 and Th2 responses (e.g., IEN-gamma, IL-4) also down regulate M2 and M1activity, respectively. Thus, M1/M2 demonstrated the importance of Innate Immunity and how it is linked to Adaptive Immunity in a beautifully counterbalanced system. "Civilization" and increased longevity present new disease challenges such as cancer and atherosclerosis that do not display classical "foreign" antigens. And, these diseases are often associated with (or caused by) M1- or M2- type responses that were formerly useful for fighting infections, but now are inappropriate in our increasingly "germ-free" societies. In turn, there is considerable potential for modulating M1 or M2 Innate responses in modern diseases to achieve better health. Finally, since M1 and Th1 (or M2 and Th2) often work in concert to produce characteristic immune responses and disease pathologies, it is recommended that Immune Type 1 or 2 (IT1, IT2) would be a simpler and unifying terminology going forward.