Autophagy Contributes to the Death/Survival Balance in Cancer PhotoDynamic Therapy.
Autophagy Contributes to the Death/Survival Balance in Cancer PhotoDynamic Therapy.
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作者：
Inguscio V;Panzarini E;Dini L
自噬是一种重要的细胞程序，具有“双面”作用，因为它促进细胞存活或细胞死亡，也在癌症治疗中。它的生存作用是通过在饥饿期间回收细胞成分或去除应激细胞器来实现的;当损伤变得广泛时，自噬提供了另一种程序性细胞死亡途径，称为自噬细胞死亡（ACD）。自噬的诱导是光动力疗法（PDT）中的常见结果，光动力疗法是涉及照射装载光敏剂（PS）的癌细胞的两步过程。在组织氧相互作用后，PS引起对内质网（ER）、线粒体、质膜和/或溶酶体的立即和直接的活性氧（ROS）诱导的损伤。肿瘤PDT的主要生物学效应是对肿瘤细胞的直接细胞毒性、血管损伤和刺激免疫应答的炎症反应的诱导。关于自噬在PDT中的作用及其假定的免疫学影响的问题是有争议的，并且近年来进行了大量的研究。本文综述了光动力疗法中自噬的诱导及其双重作用，以及自噬与细胞凋亡的相互关系。
Autophagy is an important cellular program with a “double face” role, since it promotes either cell survival or cell death, also in cancer therapies. Its survival role occurs by recycling cell components during starvation or removing stressed organelles; when damage becomes extensive, autophagy provides another programmed cell death pathway, known as Autophagic Cell Death (ACD). The induction of autophagy is a common outcome in PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT), a two-step process involving the irradiation of photosensitizer (PS)-loaded cancer cells. Upon tissue oxygen interaction, PS provokes immediate and direct Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-induced damage to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), mitochondria, plasma membrane, and/or lysosomes. The main biological effects carried out in cancer PDT are direct cytotoxicity to tumor cells, vasculature damage and induction of inflammatory reactions stimulating immunological responses. The question about the role of autophagy in PDT and its putative immunological impact is hotly controversial and largely studied in recent times. This review deals with the induction of autophagy in PDT protocols and its dual role, also considering its interrelationship with apoptosis, the preferential cell death program triggered in the photodynamic process.