Flame Retardant Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam Insulation
Flame Retardant Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam Insulation
复制标题
喷涂聚氨酯泡沫绝缘材料的阻燃排放
DOI：
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发表时间：
2017
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
Adam Blickley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Poppendieck;M. Schlegel;A. Connor;Adam Blickley
在美国建造更多节能住宅的愿望导致了住宅喷涂聚氨酯泡沫（SPF）绝缘行业的扩张。在应用SPF时，化学反应形成膨胀的聚氨酯泡沫，填充裂缝和间隙，减少建筑围护结构的渗透和导热性。然而，正在寻求更多关于SPF化学排放的信息，以更好地了解居住者暴露和对健康的任何潜在影响。本调查的目的是调查的排放阻燃剂三（1-氯-2-丙基）磷酸盐（TCPP）从SPF使用微室和全尺寸住宅测试设施。使用微室测试两种高压开孔泡沫和一种高压闭孔泡沫。100小时后，来自开孔样品的TCPP浓度比来自闭孔SPF的TCPP浓度高100倍。开孔泡沫的TCPP排放量与温度呈指数关系，并随流速变化，表明SPF微室实验的排放因子可能无法直接预测建筑物中的TCPP浓度，而不考虑材料的传质特性。由于在家具中使用TCPP，SPF以前没有被确定为实际建筑物中室内TCPP浓度的主要来源。这项研究测量了空气中的TCPP浓度在无污染的国家标准与技术研究所（NIST）净零能耗住宅测试设施（NZERTF），其中包含15米暴露的，两年的，开室SPF。测得的NZERTF TCPP排放速率没有直接预测的排放因子从微室测量，这表明一个基于质量转移的建模方法是必要的预测TCPP浓度从开孔SPF。需要进行更多的研究，以确定如何使用微室研究的数据来预测住宅居住者对SPF泡沫排放物的暴露。
The desire to build more energy efficient homes in the United States has led to the expansion of the residential spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation industry. Upon application of SPF, reacting chemicals form expanding polyurethane foam that fills cracks and gaps, reducing infiltration and thermal conductivity of the building envelope. However, more information is being sought on chemical emissions from SPF to better understand occupant exposures and any potential impacts on health. The objective of this investigation was to investigate the emission of flame retardant tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) from SPF using both micro-chambers and a full scale residential test facility. Two high pressure, open cell foams and one high pressure, closed cell foam were tested using micro-chambers. After 100 hours, TCPP concentrations from the open cell samples were 100 times higher than TCPP concentrations from the closed cell SPF. TCPP emissions from open cell foam were found to correlate exponentially with temperature and vary with flow rate, indicating emission factors from SPF micro-chamber experiments may not directly predict TCPP concentrations in buildings without consideration of material mass transfer properties. Due to the use of TCPP in furniture, SPF has not previously been positively identified as a primary source of indoor TCPP concentrations in actual buildings. This research measured airborne TCPP concentrations in the furniture-free National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Net Zero Energy Residential Test Facility (NZERTF) that contained 15 m of exposed, two-year-old, open cell SPF. The measured NZERTF TCPP emission rates were not directly predicted by emission factors from the micro-chamber measurements, which suggests a mass transfer-based modelling approach is needed for predicting TCPP concentrations from open cell SPF. More research is needed to determine how data from micro-chamber studies can be used to predict exposures of residential occupants to emissions from SPF foam.