Characterization of M4 carbine rifle emissions with three ammunition types
Characterization of M4 carbine rifle emissions with three ammunition types
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DOI：
10.1016/j.envpol.2019.112982
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发表时间：
2019-11-01
影响因子：
8.9
通讯作者：
Weinstein, Jason P.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Aurell, Johanna;Holder, Amara L.;Weinstein, Jason P.
枪口发射M4步枪在一个半封闭的腔室的特点是一系列的化合物，提供定量数据，为未来的研究潜在的吸入暴露和牧场污染。空气排放的特点是颗粒物（PM）的大小分布，成分和形态;一氧化碳（CO）;二氧化碳（CO2）;能量;金属;多环芳烃;和甲烷。使用了三种类型的弹药：“遗产”（越南时代）子弹，普通的M855子弹（不再使用），以及它的变体，一种添加了钾（K）基盐以减少枪口闪光的M855子弹。高达1500 ppm的平均CO浓度显著超过CO2浓度。排放的颗粒物在可吸入尺寸范围内，质量中值直径在0.33和0.58 μ m之间。PM排放量最高的是M855加盐弹药，可能是由于K盐清除燃烧自由基引起的枪口爆炸中的不完全二次燃烧。对于所有三种圆形制剂，铜（Cu）具有最高的排放金属浓度，可能源自子弹上的Cu护套。根据对每发子弹配方的质量平衡分析，所有三种子弹类型都完全释放出铅（Pb）。这项工作展示了表征枪炮射击排放物的方法，这些方法可以区分特定回合的影响，并可用于启动对吸入风险和环境沉积的研究。爱思唯尔有限公司出版
Muzzle emissions from firing an M4 carbine rifle in a semi-enclosed chamber were characterized for an array of compounds to provide quantitative data for future studies on potential inhalation exposure and rangeland contamination. Air emissions were characterized for particulate matter (PM) size distribution, composition, and morphology; carbon monoxide (CO); carbon dioxide (CO2); energetics; metals; poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; and methane. Three types of ammunition were used: a "Legacy" (Vietnam era) round, the common M855 round (no longer fielded), and its variant, an M855 round with added potassium (K)-based salts to reduce muzzle flash. Average CO concentrations up to 1500 ppm significantly exceeded CO2 concentrations. Emitted particles were in the respirable size range with mass median diameters between 0.33 and 0.58 mu m. PM emissions were highest from the M855 salt-added ammunition, likely due to incomplete secondary combustion in the muzzle blast caused by scavenging of combustion radicals by the K salt. Copper (Cu) had the highest emitted metal concentration for all three round formulations, likely originating from the Cu jacket on the bullet. Based on a mass balance analysis of each round's formulation, lead (Pb) was completely emitted for all three round types. This work demonstrated methods for characterizing emissions from gun firing which can distinguish between round-specific effects and can be used to initiate studies of inhalation risk and environmental deposition. Published by Elsevier Ltd.