The SPIRITS Sample of Luminous Infrared Transients: Uncovering Hidden Supernovae and Dusty Stellar Outbursts in Nearby Galaxies
The SPIRITS Sample of Luminous Infrared Transients: Uncovering Hidden Supernovae and Dusty Stellar Outbursts in Nearby Galaxies
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DOI：
10.3847/1538-4357/ab4a01
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发表时间：
2019-01
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通讯作者：
J. Jencson;M. Kasliwal;S. Adams;H. Bond;K. De;J. Johansson;V. Karambelkar;R. Lau;S. Tinyanont;S. Ryder;A. Cody;F. Masci;J. Bally;N. Blagorodnova;S. Castellón;C. Fremling;R. Gehrz;G. Helou;C. Kilpatrick;P. Milne;N. Morrell;D. Perley;M. Phillips;N. Smith;S. V. van Dyk;Robert E. Williams
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作者：
J. Jencson;M. Kasliwal;S. Adams;H. Bond;K. De;J. Johansson;V. Karambelkar;R. Lau;S. Tinyanont;S. Ryder;A. Cody;F. Masci;J. Bally;N. Blagorodnova;S. Castellón;C. Fremling;R. Gehrz;G. Helou;C. Kilpatrick;P. Milne;N. Morrell;D. Perley;M. Phillips;N. Smith;S. V. van Dyk;Robert E. Williams
我们对 2014 年至 2018 年附近星系 (D 12) 中斯皮策红外强瞬变巡天 (SPIRITS) 发现的最亮（MIR [织女星等] 亮于 -14）红外 (IR) 瞬变进行了系统研究，显示了几年来多次明亮的红外爆发，并在档案成像中直接检测到了巨大的前体。通过对广泛的多波长后续分析，我们提出了以下可能的分类：五颗被遮蔽的核心塌陷超新星（CCSNe）、两颗喷发的大质量恒星、一颗发光的红色新星和一颗中等光度的红色瞬变星。我们定义了在 SPIRITS 星系中恢复的所有光学发现的瞬变的控制样本，并满足相同的选择标准。对照样本由八个 CCSNe 和一个 Iax 型 SN 组成。我们发现 SPIRITS 样本中 13 个 CCSNe 中有 7 个的消光下限为 2 < AV < 8。我们估计附近星系中被光学巡天遗漏的 CCSNe 标称比例高达（90% 置信度）。这项研究表明，CCSNe 的很大一部分可能被灰尘严重遮挡，因此在光学搜索的附近 CCSNe 普查中被低估。
We present a systematic study of the most luminous (MIR [Vega magnitudes] brighter than −14) infrared (IR) transients discovered by the SPitzer InfraRed Intensive Transients Survey (SPIRITS) between 2014 and 2018 in nearby galaxies (D 12) show multiple, luminous IR outbursts over several years and have directly detected, massive progenitors in archival imaging. With analyses of extensive, multiwavelength follow-up, we suggest the following possible classifications: five obscured core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe), two erupting massive stars, one luminous red nova, and one intermediate-luminosity red transient. We define a control sample of all optically discovered transients recovered in SPIRITS galaxies and satisfying the same selection criteria. The control sample consists of eight CCSNe and one Type Iax SN. We find that 7 of the 13 CCSNe in the SPIRITS sample have lower bounds on their extinction of 2 < AV < 8. We estimate a nominal fraction of CCSNe in nearby galaxies that are missed by optical surveys as high as (90% confidence). This study suggests that a significant fraction of CCSNe may be heavily obscured by dust and therefore undercounted in the census of nearby CCSNe from optical searches.