The Development of Adaptive Decision Making: Recognition-Based Inference in Children and Adolescents
The Development of Adaptive Decision Making: Recognition-Based Inference in Children and Adolescents
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DOI：
10.1037/dev0000181
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发表时间：
2016-09-01
影响因子：
4
通讯作者：
Pachur, Thorsten
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Horn, Sebastian S.;Ruggeri, Azzurra;Pachur, Thorsten
对世界上物体的判断通常是基于概率信息（或线索）。一种利用记忆（即区分已知和未知物体的能力）作为推理线索的节俭判断策略是识别启发式（RH）。RH的有用性取决于环境的结构，特别是识别的预测能力（有效性）。人们对RH使用的发育差异知之甚少。在这项研究中，作者检查了(a)儿童和青少年在做出判断时招募RH的程度，以及(b)在什么年龄出现适应性RH使用。小学生（M = 9岁）、低年级青少年（M = 12岁）和高年级青少年（M = 17岁）在高效度和低效度任务环境下做出比较判断。对相对湿度的依赖是用一个层次多项式模型来衡量的。结果表明，小学生已经系统地使用了RH。然而，只有年龄较大的青少年在不同的环境中适应性地调整他们的策略使用，并且能够更好地区分RH导致正确和不正确推论的情况。这些发现表明，简单启发式的使用并不是在整个发展过程中单向进行的，而是在很大程度上取决于任务环境，符合生态理性的观点。此外，适应性启发式推理似乎需要经验和发达的领域知识基础。关键词:认知
Judgments about objects in the world are often based on probabilistic information (or cues). A frugal judgment strategy that utilizes memory (i.e., the ability to discriminate between known and unknown objects) as a cue for inference is the recognition heuristic (RH). The usefulness of the RH depends on the structure of the environment, particularly the predictive power (validity) of recognition. Little is known about developmental differences in use of the RH. In this study, the authors examined (a) to what extent children and adolescents recruit the RH when making judgments, and (b) around what age adaptive use of the RH emerges. Primary schoolchildren (M = 9 years), younger adolescents (M = 12 years), and older adolescents (M = 17 years) made comparative judgments in task environments with either high or low recognition validity. Reliance on the RH was measured with a hierarchical multinomial model. Results indicated that primary schoolchildren already made systematic use of the RH. However, only older adolescents adaptively adjusted their strategy use between environments and were better able to discriminate between situations in which the RH led to correct versus incorrect inferences. These findings suggest that the use of simple heuristics does not progress unidirectionally across development but strongly depends on the task environment, in line with the perspective of ecological rationality. Moreover, adaptive heuristic inference seems to require experience and a developed base of domain knowledge. Keywords: cognitive