How Projective is Projective Content? Gradience in Projectivity and At-issueness
How Projective is Projective Content? Gradience in Projectivity and At-issueness
复制标题
投射性内容的投射性如何？
DOI：
10.1093/jos/ffy007
复制
发表时间：
2018
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Judith Degen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Judith Tonhauser;D. Beaver;Judith Degen
投射内容是即使当与内容相关联的表达嵌入在蕴涵消除算子（例如，Chierchia & McConnell-Ginet，1990）。长期以来，人们已经观察到，投射内容在投射程度上是不同的（例如，Karttunen，1971年; Simons，2001年; Abusch，2010），尽管初步的实验研究只能证实一些关于投影变异性的直觉（例如，Smith & Hall，2011; Xue & Onea，2011）。鉴于投射变异性的经验证据很少，本文的第一个目标是研究与19种美式英语表达相关的投射内容的投射变异性。第二个目标是探索被称为梯度投影原理的假设，即内容投影到它不是问题的程度。两对实验的结果为投影变异性和梯度投影原理提供了强有力的经验证据。我们表明，许多分析的投影不能解释所观察到的投影变异性和讨论的影响，我们发现，投影内容在其at-issueness不同的经验充分的分析投影。投射内容的投射性：在说话者的话语中，越多的投射内容被判断为不成问题，说话者就越被认为致力于该内容。实验还表明，目标表情在与投射内容的关联程度上存在差异
Projective content is utterance content that a speaker may be taken to be committed to even when the expression associated with the content occurs embedded under an entailment-canceling operator (e.g., Chierchia & McConnell-Ginet, 1990). It has long been observed that projective content varies in how projective it is (e.g., Karttunen, 1971; Simons, 2001; Abusch, 2010), though preliminary experimental research has been able to confirm only some of the intuitions about projection variability (e.g., Smith & Hall, 2011; Xue & Onea, 2011). Given the sparse empirical evidence for projection variability, the first goal of this paper was to investigate projection variability for projective content associated with 19 expressions of American English. The second goal was to explore the hypothesis, called the Gradient Projection Principle, that content projects to the extent that it is not at-issue. The findings of two pairs of experiments provide robust empirical evidence for projection variability and for the Gradient Projection Principle. We show that many analyses of projection cannot account for the observed projection variability and discuss the implications of our finding that projective content varies in its at-issueness for an empirically adequate analysis of projection. of the projectivity of projective content: the more projective content was judged to be not-at-issue in a speaker’s utterance, the more the speaker was taken to be committed to the content. The experiment also showed that the target expressions differ in the extent to which the projective content they are associated