Catecholamine theories of reward: A critical review
Catecholamine theories of reward: A critical review
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儿茶酚胺奖励理论：批判性评论
DOI：
10.1016/0006-8993(78)90253-6
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发表时间：
1978
期刊：
影响因子：
2.9
通讯作者：
R. Wise
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
R. Wise
1953 年，Olds 和 Milner 9o 发现动物会重复某些动作，然后对大脑进行电刺激。这一发现对当时的理论问题具有重要意义，并且催生了大脑与行为关系研究中最突出的实验路线之一。当时理论上重要的问题是奖励或强化是否是一种从所有神经细胞共有的一般属性中产生的学习现象，或者大脑中是否存在对于学习和强化至关重要的特殊神经元89，并且在这些现象中发挥着独特的作用，而不一定是记忆印迹的一部分。事实上，大脑刺激对某些电极放置有奖励，但对其他电极放置没有奖励，这一事实被解释为意味着大脑中存在这种专门的奖励系统。后来的研究表明，大脑刺激奖励遵循从食物和水奖励研究中得出的强化法则147，随后对大脑强化机制的思考开始涉及“奖励中心”、“奖励神经元”、“奖励系统”、“奖励突触”和“奖励发射器”的概念。大脑强化机制的研究主要由涉及颅内电刺激的研究主导，并且脑刺激研究所建议的“奖励系统”被认为代表通常由更自然的强化物（例如饥饿动物的食物）激活的系统。在过去的十五年里，对大脑奖励系统的思考受到了一种或另一种儿茶酚胺（CA）假说的极大影响。从最简单的形式来看，这一假设表明一些“奖励神经元”含有儿茶酚胺作为神经递质。更仔细地说，这一立场是存在一个或多个专门针对奖励现象并在奖励现象中发挥关键作用的中枢神经系统，并且该系统或系统中至少有一个关键环节
In 1953 Olds and Milner 9o discovered that animals would repeat acts that were followed by delivery of electrical stimulation of the brain. This finding had important implications for theoretical issues at the time, and it has led to one of the most prominent experimental lines of study of brain-behavior relationships. The theoretically important issue of the time was whether reward or reinforcement was a phenomenon of learning which emerged from general properties common to all nerve cells, or whether there were specialized neurons in the brain which were essential for learning and reinforcement 89 and which played a unique role in these phenomena without necessarily being part of the memory engram. The fact that brain stimulation was rewarding with some electrode placements but not others was interpreted as meaning that there were such specialized reward systems in the brain. Later studies showed that brain stimulation reward followed the laws of reinforcement as derived from studies of food and water reward 147, and subsequent thinking about brain mechanisms of reinforcement came to involve notions of'reward centers','reward neurons','reward systems','reward synapses' and'reward transmitters'. The study of brain mechanisms of reinforcement has largely been dominated by studies involving intracranial electrical stimulation, and the'reward systems' as suggested by brain stimulation studies have been assumed to represent systems which are normally activated by more natural reinforcers such as food for hungry animals. In the past decade and a half, thinking about reward systems in the brain has been greatly influenced by one form or another of the catecholamine (CA) hypothesis. In its simplest form, this hypothesis suggests that some'reward neurons' contain a catecholamine as their neurotransmitter. More carefully stated, the position is that there exist one or more central neural systems which are specialized for, and which play a critical role in, reward phenomena, and that at least one critical link in the system or