Behaviour and indirect interactions in food webs of plant-inhabiting arthropods
Behaviour and indirect interactions in food webs of plant-inhabiting arthropods
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DOI：
10.1023/a:1006089924336
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发表时间：
1998-09-01
影响因子：
2.2
通讯作者：
Sabelis, MW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Janssen, A;Pallini, A;Sabelis, MW
随着生物防治剂的使用增加，农作物中形成了人工食物网，植物、食草动物和天敌之间的相互作用从简单的三营养相互作用转变为更复杂的食物网相互作用。因此，食草动物的密度不仅取决于直接的捕食者-被捕食者相互作用以及植物对食草动物的直接和间接防御，而且还取决于其他直接和间接的相互作用，如表观竞争、群体内捕食、资源竞争等。尽管这些相互作用在理论和实验中受到了相当多的关注，但人们对它们对生物控制的影响却知之甚少。在本文中，我们首先回顾了生物控制系统中的间接食物网相互作用。我们建议区分数值间接相互作用和功能性间接相互作用，数值间接相互作用是一个物种通过影响中间物种的数量来影响另一物种密度的相互作用，功能性间接相互作用定义为通过第三个物种的存在而改变两个物种相互作用的方式。有人认为，功能性间接相互作用在食物网中很重要，值得更多关注。随后，我们讨论了温室黄瓜上由害虫和天敌组成的人工食物网中相互作用的实验结果。这两种害虫是二斑叶螨（Tetranychus urticae）和西花蓟马（Frankliniella occidentalis）。它们的天敌是捕食性螨类 Phytoseiulus persimilis，通常用于红蜘蛛防治；捕食性螨类 Neoseiulus cucumeris 和 Iphiseius degenerans 以及捕食性臭虫 Orius laevigatus 都是蓟马的天敌。首先，我们分析了这七个物种之间可能的相互作用，然后继续讨论功能性间接相互作用，特别是节肢动物的行为，如何改变直接相互作用和数值间接相互作用的重要性和影响。研究发现，仅由四个物种组成的简单食物网已经产生了一些相当复杂的相互作用组合。红蜘蛛和蓟马通过资源竞争间接相互作用，但蓟马幼虫是红蜘蛛的群内捕食者。用于控制这两种食草动物的一些天敌也是行会内的掠食者。此外，叶螨会产生一张网，随后蓟马利用该网来躲避捕食者。我们讨论了迄今为止获得的这些结果和其他结果，最后讨论了功能性间接和直接相互作用对食物网的潜在影响及其对生物控制的意义。 Exp Appl Acarol 22：497-521 (C) 1998 Kluwer 学术出版社。
With the increased use of biological control agents, artificial food webs are created in agricultural crops and the interactions between plants, herbivores and natural enemies change from simple tritrophic interactions to more complex food web interactions. Therefore, herbivore densities will not only be determined by direct predator-prey interactions and direct and indirect defence of plants against herbivores, but also by other direct and indirect interactions such as apparent competition, intraguild predation, resource competition, etc. Although these interactions have received considerable attention in theory and experiments, little is known about their impact on biological control. In this paper, we first present a review of indirect food web interactions in biological control systems. We propose to distinguish between numerical indirect interactions, which are interactions where one species affects densities of another species through an effect on the numbers of an intermediate species and functional indirect interactions, defined as changes in the way that two species interact through the presence of a third species. It is argued that functional indirect interactions are important in food webs and deserve more attention. Subsequently, we discuss experimental results on interactions in an artificial food web consisting of pests and natural enemies on greenhouse cucumber. The two pest species are the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae and the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Their natural enemies are the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis, which is commonly used for spider mite control and the predatory mites Neoseiulus cucumeris and Iphiseius degenerans and the predatory bug Orius laevigatus, all natural enemies of thrips. First, we analyse the possible interactions between these seven species and we continue by discussing how functional indirect interactions, particularly the behaviour of arthropods, may change the significance and impact of direct interactions and numerical indirect interactions. It was found that a simple food web of only four species already gives rise to some quite complicated combinations of interactions. Spider mites and thrips interact indirectly through resource competition, but thrips larvae are intraguild predators of spider mites. Some of the natural enemies used for control of the two herbivore species are also intraguild predators. Moreover, spider mites produce a web that is subsequently used by thrips to hide from their predators. We discuss these and other results obtained so far and we conclude with a discussion of the potential impact of functional indirect and direct interactions on food webs and their significance for biological control. Exp Appl Acarol 22: 497-521 (C) 1998 Kluwer Academic Publishers.