The sustained influence of prior experience induced by social observation on placebo and nocebo responses.
The sustained influence of prior experience induced by social observation on placebo and nocebo responses.
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社会观察引起的先前经验对安慰剂和反安慰剂反应的持续影响
DOI：
10.2147/jpr.s147970
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发表时间：
2017
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Hu L
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Zhang H;Zhou L;Wei H;Lu X;Hu L
背景社会观察是获得经验的主要途径之一。与第一人称经验类似，观察经验会影响后续治疗的有效性。然而，即使在几天前发生了相关的经验，社会观察对安慰剂和反安慰剂效应对后续治疗的影响是否仍然存在，仍然是不确定的。方法82名被试被随机分为4个实验组，分别获得有效和无效的第一人称体验或观察体验。对于第一人称组，参与者被呈现疼痛线索与疼痛刺激配对。在有效条件下，低疼痛线索与低疼痛刺激配对，高疼痛线索与高疼痛刺激配对。与此相反，线索和疼痛刺激之间的关联没有建立在无效的条件。同样，对于观察组，参与者通过观察接受有效/无效治疗。五到六天后，所有参与者都经历了一个条件反射阶段，然后是一个由两个测试组成的测试阶段，参与者被要求报告他们感知到的疼痛。结果安慰剂和反安慰剂对后续治疗的反应均会受到前几天获得的经验的影响，无论获得方式如何，有效状态下的安慰剂和反安慰剂反应均显著大于无效状态。此外，一旦引发安慰剂和反安慰剂效应，后者更持久，而前者更有可能减少。结论前几天获得的第一人称和观察经验可以影响后续治疗，这加深了我们对社会观察对安慰剂镇痛和反安慰剂痛觉过敏的关键和持续影响的理解，并为临床应用提供了见解。
Background Social observation is one of the main ways to gain experience. Similar to first-person experience, observational experience affects the effectiveness of subsequent treatments. Yet, it is still undetermined whether the influence of social observation on placebo and nocebo effects to subsequent treatments remains even if related experience occurred a few days ago. Methods Eighty-two participants were recruited and each of them was randomly assigned to one of the four experimental groups acquiring first-person or observational experience, which was either effective or ineffective. For the first-person groups, participants were presented with pain cues paired with pain stimuli in person. In the effective condition, low pain cues were paired with low pain stimuli, and high pain cues were paired with high pain stimuli. In contrast, the associations between cues and pain stimuli were not established in the ineffective condition. Similarly, for the observational groups, participants received effective/ineffective treatment through observation. Five or six days later, all participants underwent a conditioning phase followed by a test phase composed of two tests, where participants were asked to report their perceived pain. Results Placebo and nocebo responses to subsequent treatments can be affected by prior experience gained several days ago regardless of acquisition ways, and both placebo and nocebo responses in the effective condition were significantly larger than those in the ineffective condition. Furthermore, once placebo and nocebo effects were elicited, the latter was more persistent, while the former was more likely to diminish. Conclusion First-person and observational experience obtained a few days ago could affect the following treatments, which advance our understanding of the crucial and sustained influence of social observation on placebo analgesia and nocebo hyperalgesia, and provide insights into clinical applications.