Exploring the effect of sleep and reduced interference on different forms of declarative memory.
Exploring the effect of sleep and reduced interference on different forms of declarative memory.
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DOI：
10.5665/sleep.4258
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发表时间：
2014-12
期刊：
影响因子：
5.6
通讯作者：
M. Schönauer;Annedore Pawlizki;C. Köck;S. Gais
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
M. Schönauer;Annedore Pawlizki;C. Köck;S. Gais
许多研究发现，睡眠有利于陈述性记忆的巩固。然而，关于这种影响的具体细节的基本问题仍然是讨论的主题。目前尚不清楚哪些形式的记忆会受到睡眠的影响，以及这种有益的影响是否部分是由对干扰的被动保护介导的。此外，睡眠结构与其记忆增强效果之间的假定相关性仍在讨论中。设计在三个实验中，我们测试是否睡眠差异影响各种形式的陈述性记忆。我们改变了语言内容（语言/非语言），项目类型（单一/关联）和回忆模式（回忆/识别，线索/自由回忆），以研究睡眠对特定记忆亚型的影响。我们比较了睡眠、主动觉醒或安静冥想等间隔之间记忆巩固的受试者内差异，这些间隔减少了外部和内部干扰和排练。受试者40名18-30岁的健康成年人和17名24-55岁的具有丰富冥想经验的健康成年人参加了实验。结果：如果样本量提供了足够的统计功效，所有类型的记忆都被睡眠增强。如果使用不同陈述性记忆量表的组合测量，较小的样本量显示睡眠的影响。在减少外部和内部干扰的情况下，性能等于高干扰的情况。在这里，记忆巩固明显低于睡眠状态。我们发现睡眠结构和记忆巩固之间没有相关性。结论：睡眠并不优先巩固一种特定的陈述性记忆，但始终促进整体陈述性记忆的形成。这种效应不是通过减少干扰来介导的。
STUDY OBJECTIVES Many studies have found that sleep benefits declarative memory consolidation. However, fundamental questions on the specifics of this effect remain topics of discussion. It is not clear which forms of memory are affected by sleep and whether this beneficial effect is partly mediated by passive protection against interference. Moreover, a putative correlation between the structure of sleep and its memory-enhancing effects is still being discussed. DESIGN In three experiments, we tested whether sleep differentially affects various forms of declarative memory. We varied verbal content (verbal/nonverbal), item type (single/associate), and recall mode (recall/recognition, cued/free recall) to examine the effect of sleep on specific memory subtypes. We compared within-subject differences in memory consolidation between intervals including sleep, active wakefulness, or quiet meditation, which reduced external as well as internal interference and rehearsal. PARTICIPANTS Forty healthy adults aged 18-30 y, and 17 healthy adults aged 24-55 y with extensive meditation experience participated in the experiments. RESULTS All types of memory were enhanced by sleep if the sample size provided sufficient statistical power. Smaller sample sizes showed an effect of sleep if a combined measure of different declarative memory scales was used. In a condition with reduced external and internal interference, performance was equal to one with high interference. Here, memory consolidation was significantly lower than in a sleep condition. We found no correlation between sleep structure and memory consolidation. CONCLUSIONS Sleep does not preferentially consolidate a specific kind of declarative memory, but consistently promotes overall declarative memory formation. This effect is not mediated by reduced interference.