Gaussian approximations in filters and smoothers for data assimilation

Gaussian approximations in filters and smoothers for data assimilation
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用于数据同化的滤波器和平滑器中的高斯近似

DOI:
10.1080/16000870.2019.1600344
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发表时间:
2019
期刊:
Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography
影响因子:
--
通讯作者:
Hodyss, Daniel
Hodyss, Daniel
中科院分区:
--
文献类型:
--
作者:
Morzfeld, Matthias;Hodyss, Daniel

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我们提出的数学参数和实验证据表明,高斯近似的后验分布是适当的,即使考虑的物理系统是非线性的。其原因是观测值的正则化效应,可以将多模态先验分布转变为近似高斯的后验分布。这对数值天气预报中的数据同化(DA)算法有重要影响,因为各种算法(集合卡尔曼滤波器/平滑器、变分法、粒子滤波器(PF)/平滑器(PS))将高斯近似应用于不同的分布,这导致不同的近似后验分布,并且随后在其真实后验分布的表示中具有不同程度的误差。特别是,我们解释说,在问题与“介质”的非线性,(一)平滑和变分方法往往优于合奏卡尔曼滤波器;(二)平滑可以作为准确的PF,但可能需要更少的合奏成员;(三)本地化的PF可以引入的错误是更严重的错误,由于高斯近似。在“强”非线性问题中,后验分布不适合高斯近似。这种情况会发生,例如,当后验分布是多模态时。PF可以用于这些问题,但所需的合奏大小预计将很大(数百至数千),即使PF是本地化的。此外,通常的性能指标(小的均方根误差和可比的传播)在强非线性问题中可能没有用。我们得出这些结论,结合使用的理论考虑和一套数值DA实验与低维和高维的非线性模型,我们可以控制的非线性。
We present mathematical arguments and experimental evidence that suggest that Gaussian approximations of posterior distributions are appropriate even if the physical system under consideration is nonlinear. The reason for this is a regularizing effect of the observations that can turn multi-modal prior distributions into nearly Gaussian posterior distributions. This has important ramifications on data assimilation (DA) algorithms in numerical weather prediction because the various algorithms (ensemble Kalman filters/smoothers, variational methods, particle filters (PF)/smoothers (PS)) apply Gaussian approximations to different distributions, which leads to different approximate posterior distributions, and, subsequently, different degrees of error in their representation of the true posterior distribution. In particular, we explain that, in problems with ‘medium’ nonlinearity, (i) smoothers and variational methods tend to outperform ensemble Kalman filters; (ii) smoothers can be as accurate as PF, but may require fewer ensemble members; (iii) localization of PFs can introduce errors that are more severe than errors due to Gaussian approximations. In problems with ‘strong’ nonlinearity, posterior distributions are not amenable to Gaussian approximation. This happens, e.g. when posterior distributions are multi-modal. PFs can be used on these problems, but the required ensemble size is expected to be large (hundreds to thousands), even if the PFs are localized. Moreover, the usual indicators of performance (small root mean square error and comparable spread) may not be useful in strongly nonlinear problems. We arrive at these conclusions using a combination of theoretical considerations and a suite of numerical DA experiments with low- and high-dimensional nonlinear models in which we can control the nonlinearity.
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