Biomass Residues in Brazil: Availability and Potential Uses
Biomass Residues in Brazil: Availability and Potential Uses
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DOI：
10.1007/s12649-010-9008-8
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发表时间：
2010-03-01
影响因子：
3.2
通讯作者：
Bon, Elba P. S.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Ferreira-Leitao, Viridiana;Fortes Gottschalk, Leda Maria;Bon, Elba P. S.
农工业和林业残留物是主要工业和经济活动的副产品，是生产可再生燃料、化学品和能源的潜在原材料。废物的利用是有利的，因为它们的可用性不受生产粮食和饲料所需耕地的限制。此外，废物的利用可防止废物的积累，而废物的积累由于可能污染河流和地下水而引起严重的环境问题。在巴西，玉米的农业（13767400公顷），甘蔗（7080920公顷），水稻（2890930公顷），木薯（1894460公顷），小麦（1853220公顷），柑橘（930591公顷），椰子（283205公顷），草（140000公顷）总共占地28840726公顷（FAOSTAT，http：//www.faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor），每年产生5.97亿吨残留物。就其本身而言，这种规模的业务要求新的解决方案，旨在适当利用这些宝贵的资源。然而，创新交易必须是环境和经济上可接受的，最重要的是，具有社会意义。事实上，新的全年活动可以替代农产工业中典型的季节性工作，带来巨大的社会效益。考虑到生物质乙醇的生产，必须考虑到加工地点附近原料的丰富性，因为低密度生物质涉及显著的处理和运输成本。在这种情况下，粉碎的甘蔗茎（甘蔗渣）和稻草是明显的选择，尽管甘蔗渣经常被燃烧以用于在糖-乙醇米尔斯厂中产生蒸汽（热）和动力/电力，并且需要大量的稻草来保持土壤养分平衡。巴西其他重要的农业副产品，如玉米秸秆、小麦秸秆、稻草和稻壳、草和林业材料以及柑橘、椰子和木薯加工的残余物，也值得注意，可作为当地发展新的有利可图的活动的原料。由于每种原料都需要开发量身定制的技术，上述原材料的多样性可以根据这些材料的当地供应情况，为生产化学品、燃料和能源提供新的解决方案。
Agroindustrial and forestry residues, which are by-products of key industrial and economical activities, stand out as potential raw materials for the production of renewable fuels, chemicals and energy. The use of wastes is advantageous as their availability is not hindered by a requirement for arable land for the production of food and feed. In addition, waste utilization prevents its accumulation, which is of great environmental concern due to its potential for contamination of rivers and underground water. In Brazil, the agroindustry of corn (13767400 ha), sugarcane (7080920 ha), rice (2890930 ha), cassava (1894460 ha), wheat (1853220 ha), citrus (930591 ha), coconut (283205 ha), and grass (140000 ha) collectively occupies an area of 28840726 ha (FAOSTAT, http://www.faostat.fao.org/site/567/default.aspx#ancor) and generates 597 million tons of residue per year. By itself, this scale of operation calls for new solutions aiming for the appropriate utilization of these valuable resources. However, innovative dealings must be environmentally and economically acceptable and, most importantly, have social meaning. Indeed, great social benefits could draw from novel year-round activities as alternatives for the typical seasonal jobs in agroindustry. Considering the production of biomass ethanol, the abundance of feedstock near the site of processing must be taken into account, as low-density biomass involves significant handling and transportation costs. Within this context, the crushed stalk of sugar cane (bagasse) and straw are obvious choices, although bagasse is often burned for the production of steam (heat) and power/electricity in sugar-ethanol mills and important amounts of straw are needed to keep the soil nutrients balance. Other agricultural by-products of importance in Brazil, such as corn straw, wheat straw, rice straw and rice hulls, grass and forestry materials and residues from citrus, coconut and cassava processing, also deserve attention as local feedstock for the development of new and profitable activities. As each type of feedstock demands the development of tailor-made technology, the diversity of the aforementioned raw materials could allow for new solutions for the production of chemicals, fuels and energy in accordance with the local availability of these materials.