Movement, migration, and smolting of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
Movement, migration, and smolting of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)
复制标题
DOI：
10.1139/d98-011
复制
发表时间：
1998-01-01
影响因子：
2.4
通讯作者：
Saunders, RL
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
McCormick, SD;Hansen, LP;Saunders, RL
大西洋鲑（萨尔莫salar）在淡水中的行为可塑性表现为多种运动，包括鱼苗从红鲑的迁移、觅食区的建立、性成熟雄性幼鱼的产卵运动、往返冬季栖息地的运动以及胡瓜鱼在春季的迁移。冶炼是一种适应下游移民、海水进入和海洋居住的专业化。当仍然在淡水中时，胡瓜鱼变成银色和流线型，失去了它们的正趋流性和领土性，并开始学校教育。生理变化包括耐盐性、嗅觉敏感性、代谢率、生长范围以及血红蛋白和视色素的改变。通过对神经内分泌系统的影响，光周期和温度调节生理变化，而温度和水流则可能引发迁移。小鲑鱼的存活受到有限的准备期（生理"小鲑鱼窗口"）和海水进入环境条件（如温度、食物和捕食者）的时间（生态"小鲑鱼窗口"）的影响。冶炼的发展是不利的影响，酸度，污染物和不适当的饲养条件，往往比其他生命阶段更敏感。不幸的是，胡瓜鱼的迁移走廊（河流和河口的主干）受到污染、darns和其他人为活动的影响最严重，这些活动可能直接致命或通过延迟或抑制胡瓜鱼的迁移而增加死亡率。
A variety of movements characterize the behavioral plasticity of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in fresh water, including movements of fry from redds, establishment of feeding territories, spawning movements of sexually mature male parr, movement to and from winter habitat, and smelt migration in spring. Smelting is an adaptive specialization for downstream migration, seawater entry, and marine residence. While still in fresh water, smelts become silvery and streamlined, lose their positive rheotaxis and territoriality, and begin schooling. Physiological changes include increased salinity tolerance, olfactory sensitivity, metabolic rate, scope for growth, and altered hemoglobin and visual pigments. Through their impact on the neuroendocrine system, photoperiod and temperature regulate physiological changes, whereas temperature and water flow may initiate migration. Smelt survival is affected by a limited period of readiness (a physiological "smolt window") and the timing of seawater entry with environmental conditions such as temperature, food, and predators (an ecological "smolt window"). Smelt development is adversely affected by acidity, pollutants, and improper rearing conditions, and is often more sensitive than other life stages. Unfortunately, the migration corridor of smelts (mainstems of rivers and estuaries) are the most heavily impacted by pollution, darns, and other anthropogenic activities that may be directly lethal or increase mortality by delaying or inhibiting smelt migration.