Primary breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
Primary breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up
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DOI：
10.1093/annonc/mdt284
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发表时间：
2013-10-01
影响因子：
50.5
通讯作者：
Cardoso, F.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Senkus, E.;Kyriakides, S.;Cardoso, F.
2008年，欧洲（40个国家）经年龄调整的乳腺癌年发病率估计为88.4/100 000，死亡率为24.3/100 000。在采用乳房X线摄影检查后，发病率增加，并随着人口老龄化继续增加。最重要的风险因素包括遗传易感性、暴露于雌激素（内源性和外源性）和电离辐射、产次低和非典型增生病史。西式饮食、肥胖和饮酒也是乳腺癌发病率上升的原因[2]。有一个陡峭的年龄梯度，大约四分之一的乳腺癌发生在50岁之前，35岁之前< 5%。2010年欧洲乳腺癌的估计患病率为3763070例[3]，并且由于发病率增加和治疗结果改善，患病率正在增加。在大多数西方国家，近年来死亡率有所下降，特别是在较年轻的年龄组，因为治疗的改善和早期发现[4]。然而，乳腺癌仍然是欧洲女性癌症相关死亡的主要原因。男性乳腺癌很少见，占病例的1.1%。主要风险因素包括携带激素失衡的临床疾病、辐射暴露，特别是阳性家族史和遗传易感性[5]。
In 2008, the estimated age-adjusted annual incidence of breast cancer in Europe (40 countries) was 88.4/100 000 and the mortality 24.3/100 000. The incidence increased after the introduction of mammography screening and continues to do so with the aging of the population. The most important risk factors include genetic predisposition, exposure to estrogens (endogenous and exogenous) and ionising radiation, low parity and history of atypical hyperplasia. The Western-style diet, obesity and consumption of alcohol also contribute to the rising incidence of breast cancer [2]. There is a steep age gradient, with about a quarter of breast cancers occurring before age 50, and< 5% before age 35. The estimated prevalence of breast cancer in Europe in 2010 was 3 763 070 cases [3] and is increasing, both as a consequence of increased incidence and of improvements in treatment outcomes. In most Western countries, the mortality rate has decreased in recent years, especially in younger age groups because of improved treatment and earlier detection [4]. However, breast cancer is still the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in European women.Breast cancer in males is rare, contributing∼ 1% of cases. The major risk factors include clinical disorders carrying hormonal imbalances, radiation exposure and, in particular, a positive family history and genetic predisposition [5].