Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence
Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1745-9125.2001.tb00932.x
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发表时间：
2001-08-01
期刊：
影响因子：
5.8
通讯作者：
Raudenbush, SW
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Morenoff, JD;Sampson, RJ;Raudenbush, SW
强调资源不平等，社会进程和空间相互依存，这项研究结合了1990年人口普查的结构特征，1995年对8,872名芝加哥居民的调查，预测1996-1998年343个社区的凶杀案变化。空间接近杀人是密切相关的杀人率增加，调整内部邻里的特点和以前的杀人。集中的劣势和低集体效能被定义为社会控制和凝聚力的联系也独立预测增加杀人。地方组织、志愿协会和朋友/亲属网络似乎只有在它们促进居民在实现社会控制和凝聚力方面的集体效能时才是重要的。因此，空间动态加上邻里社会和经济能力的不平等是解释城市暴力的重要因素。
Highlighting resource inequality, social processes, and spatial interdependence, this study combines structural characteristics from the 1990 census with a survey of 8,872 Chicago residents in 1995 to predict homicide variations in 1996-1998 across 343 neighborhoods. Spatial proximity to homicide is strongly related to increased homicide rates, adjusting for internal neighborhood characteristics and prior homicide. Concentrated disadvantage and low collective efficacy-defined as the linkage of social control and cohesion-also independently predict increased homicide. Local organizations, voluntary associations, and friend/kinship networks appear to be important only insofar as they promote the collective efficacy of residents in achieving social control and cohesion. Spatial dynamics coupled with neighborhood inequalities in social and economic capacity are therefore consequential for explaining urban violence.