Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores.
Community interactions on marine rocky intertidal shores.
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DOI：
10.1146/annurev.es.03.110172.001125
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发表时间：
1972-01-01
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影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Connell, J.H.
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文献类型：
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作者：
Connell, J.H.
“生态调查的最终目标应该是发现和测量在一段时间内生活在一个地区的所有生物之间的主要动态关系”（埃尔顿31）。这是一个很高的要求，但它很好地描述了许多“社区”生态学家的目标。由于采样和分类的巨大困难，大多数研究都没有超过识别和描述群落的第一阶段（Fager 32）。即便如此，直接测量动态关系也是困难的。有时求助于拟合现有的数据，如不同物种的丰度，各种数学分布。如果数据符合某一特定模型，则假定该模型的基本假设代表产生丰度的机制。然而，当有可能直接测量生物体与其物理和生物环境之间的动态关系时，这比这种间接方法更可取。这种直接测量在大多数栖息地是困难的，但在少数栖息地是可能的。海相岩石潮间带就是其中之一。因为它很容易接近，所以人们对它进行了很长时间的研究，这个物种也很有名。由于许多常见物种是固定的或缓慢移动的，不隐藏在基质中，因此它们的丰度和其他种群特征可以很容易地估计出来。最后，种群可以在野外进行实验操作；它们的数量和分布可以在一个地方改变，而在附近的另一个地方保持不变。最后这一点尤为重要。为了测量生物之间的动态关系，人们必须寻找共存生物的丰度和分布变化之间的相关性，或者通过实验来进行变化。最后一种通常更好，因为可以同时建立重复处理和不受干扰的控制（Connell 22）。大多数关于生物如何共同生活的想法和模型，即关于“群落结构”的想法和模型，如果有的话，是基于很少的直接证据的。例如，一个共同的主题是物种的“生态位空间”是由适应减少竞争的进化决定的。如果是这样的话，人们会期望看到竞争发生在2的范围内
" The ultimate goal of an ecological survey should be to discover and measure the main dynamic relations between all organisms living on an area over some period of time"(Elton 31). This is a tall order but it describes the aim of many" community" ecologists pretty well. Most studies have not got past the first stage of identifying and describing the community, because of the very great difficulties of sampling and taxonomy (Fager 32). Even then, direct measurement of dynamic relations is difficult. Recourse is sometimes made to fitting available data, such as the abundances of the different species, to various mathematical distributions. If the data fit a particular model, the underlying assumptions of the model are then presumed to represent the mechanisms which produced the abundances. However, where it is possible to measure directly the dynamic relations between organisms and their physical and biological environment, this is to be preferred to such indirect methods. Such direct measurement is difficult in most habitats, but it is possible in a few. The marine rocky intertidal is one of these. Because it is so accessible, it has been studied for a long time and the species are well known. Because many of the common species are sessile or slow moving and not hidden in the substrate, their abundance and other population characteristics can be estimated readily. Lastly, the populations are amenable to experimental manipulation in the field; their abundance and distribution can be altered in one place and left unchanged in another nearby. This last characteristic is particularly important. To measure dynamic rela-tions between organisms one must either look for correlations between changes in the abundances and distributions of the coexisting organisms, or else make the changes experimentally. The last is usually better because repli-cate treatments and undisturbed controls can be set up at the same time (Connell 22). Most ideas and models about how organisms live together, ie about" ccommunity structure," are based upon little, if any, direct evidence. For ex-ample, a common theme is that the" niche spaces" of species have been determined by the evolution of adaptations to reduce competition. If this were so, one would expect to see competition occurring where the ranges of two