Ontologies and metadata for E-Learning environments in Ecological and Environmental science
Ontologies and metadata for E-Learning environments in Ecological and Environmental science
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生态与环境科学电子学习环境的本体论和元数据
DOI：
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发表时间：
2008
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
P. Kuitunen
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
P. Kuitunen;Anne Honkaranta;Salonen;Kalevi;P. Kuitunen
-生态和环境科学仍然是一门电子学习尚未得到广泛应用的学科，可能是由于现有电子学习内容的复杂性和异质性。传统的生态环境科学的学习对象包括网页、非结构化文档、数字数据文件和数据库中的数字数据。使用附加到学习对象和不同类型数据的元数据可以增强异构材料的使用。元数据可以被描述为不仅了解数据本身，而且了解其上下文、质量和结构以及使数据可访问和可检索所需的数据信息。本文综述了电子学习的元数据、本体和标记语言研究，并对生态环境科学电子学习的内容进行了描述。本文介绍了两种常见的元数据规范，即学习对象元数据和都柏林核心，以及两种潜在的生态环境电子学习标记语言，即生态元数据语言和地理标记语言。元数据提供了组织电子学习课程的主要主题和可视化概念之间语义连接的方法。利用本体和本体语言（如Web本体语言）扩展和重用元数据规范是可能的。生态与环境科学的语义电子学习环境为学生提供了以建设性、自我导向和活动导向的方式构建心理结构和学习的可能性。
: - Ecological and environmental science has remained a discipline in which e-Learning has not been widely utilized, possibly due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the e-Learning content available. Traditionally the Learning Objects for ecological and environmental science consist of Web pages, unstructured documents, numerical data files and numerical data in databases. Using metadata attached to Learning Objects and different kinds of data enhances the use of heterogeneous materials. Metadata may be characterized as information about the data required to understand not only the data itself but also its context, quality and structure, as well as to make the data accessible and retrievable. This paper reviews research on metadata, ontologies and markup languages for e-Learning and describes the e-Learning content for ecological and environmental science. The paper describes two common metadata specifications, i.e. the Learning Object Metadata and the Dublin Core as well as two potential markup languages for ecological and environmental e-Learning, i.e. the Ecological Metadata Language and the Geography Markup Language. Metadata provides means to organize the major topics of e-Learning courses and for visualize the semantic connections between concepts. It is possible to extend and reuse metadata specifications by utilizing ontologies and ontology languages (e.g. Web Ontology Language). A semantic e-Learning environment for ecological and environmental science gives a student a possibility to build mental structures and learn in a constructive, self directed and activity oriented way.