Types of Gold, Types of Silver: The Composition of Precious Metal Artifacts Found in the Royal Tombs of Ur, Mesopotamia
Types of Gold, Types of Silver: The Composition of Precious Metal Artifacts Found in the Royal Tombs of Ur, Mesopotamia
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DOI：
10.1515/za-2018-0007
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发表时间：
2018-07-01
影响因子：
0.3
通讯作者：
Jansen, Moritz
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Hauptmann, Andreas;Klein, Sabine;Jansen, Moritz
美索不达米亚乌尔早王朝皇家陵墓出土的许多金银文物是公元前三千年古美索不达米亚最伟大的金属发现之一。在一个研究项目的框架内，使用便携式 X 射线荧光光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜对其中 32 件文物的成分进行了分析。主要是金银合金而不是纯金，其银含量高达 50 wt.%，并且通常还含有远高于 10 wt.% 的额外铜含量。该成分范围从天然合金到有意生产的合金。一些黄金制品被故意混合到金银铜合金中以实现颜色渐变。此外，公元前三千年末的苏美尔书面资料可以与本研究的分析结果进行比较，并提供有关当时这些金属加工的更多信息。本研究表明，来自砂矿的黄金被带到了乌尔。皇家陵墓中许多珍贵物品中的金制品与青金石的直接关联，以及加工金中铂族矿物内含物的特殊成分，都表明其可能起源于阿富汗北部。一项重要成果是确认使用耗尽镀金来去除表面的铜；提炼含银黄金的技术，即所谓的分离，据认为当时还不为人所知。“致已故的汉斯-格特·巴赫曼，古代黄金冶金学的先驱。（安德烈亚斯·豪普特曼）”
The many gold and silver artifacts from the Early Dynastic Royal Tombs of Ur in Mesopotamia are among the greatest metal finds of Ancient Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. Within the framework of a research project, 32 of these artifacts were analyzed for their composition using a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and a scanning electron microscope. Predominantly gold-silver alloys rather than pure gold were identified, containing up to 50 wt.% of silver and often with additional copper content well above 10 wt.%. This spectrum of composition ranges from alloys that could be of natural origin to alloys that were intentionally produced. Some gold artifacts were deliberately blended to gold-silver-copper alloys for color gradation. In addition, Sumerian written sources from the end of the third millennium BC can be compared to the results of the analyses of this study and offer more information on the processing of these metals at that time. In the present study, it is shown that gold originating from placer deposits was brought to Ur. Direct association of gold artifacts with lapis lazuli in many precious objects from the Royal Tombs and the particular composition of inclusions of platinum group minerals in the worked gold both point to a possible provenance in northern Afghanistan. One significant result was the confirmation of the use of depletion gilding for the removal of copper from surfaces; the technique of refining silver-bearing gold, known as parting, is not thought to have been known at this time."For the late Hans-Gert Bachmann, the pioneer of ancient gold metallurgy. (Andreas Hauptmann)"