Extreme climate events, migration for cultivation and policies: A case study in the early Qing Dynasty of China
Extreme climate events, migration for cultivation and policies: A case study in the early Qing Dynasty of China
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DOI：
10.1007/s11430-007-2022-4
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
X. Fang;Yu Ye;ZaoZao Zeng
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
X. Fang;Yu Ye;ZaoZao Zeng
根据劳动力每年增加的历史记录（男性16岁以上），每年新征的盛京地区耕地1661-1680年华北极端气候事件及东北地区的管理政策，摘要以华北地区为例，分析了华北地区极端气候事件与东北移民的关系。研究发现，1661 - 1680年的东北移民是对华北旱灾的一种回应。1665-1680年的移民潮是对1664-1680年华北干旱期和东北少灾期的回应。在迁移高峰期有三个迁移高峰，分别对应着三次干旱事件。然而，迁移高峰往往滞后于干旱事件约1-2年。清前期东北地区实行的是鼓励垦殖的移民政策，并没有产生大量的移民。然而，它确实提供了一个政策背景，确保了在华北遭受干旱/洪水灾害时，每年有1万多人移民到东北。1664-1667年华北大旱导致移民高峰，1668年实行了限制向东北地区进一步移民的“限迁”政策。尽管这种移民政策并不能完全阻止因华北饥荒而逃到东北的移民，但在这种政策下，移民和种植都大大减少了。耕后征年政策的频繁变化也与气候事件有关。华北地区极端气候事件、东北地区移民垦殖及相关管理政策呈现出一个影响-响应链，反映了极端气候事件、人类行为和政策之间的相互作用。
Based on the historical records of the annual increase in the workforce (men older than 16 years of age), the annual new taxed cropland in the Shengjing area (Northeast China), the extreme climate events in North China, and related management policies in Northeast China during 1661–1680, a case study has been conducted to investigate the relationship between the extreme climate events in North China and the migration to Northeast China for cultivation. This study has found that the migration to Northeast China for cultivation from 1661 to 1680 was a response to the drought events that occurred in North China. The upsurge of migration, which occurred in 1665–1680, was a response to the drought period during 1664–1680 in North China while the fewer disasters period in Northeast China. There were three migratory peaks during the upsurge of migration, which corresponded to the three drought events. The peaks of migration, however, often lagged behind the drought events about 1–2 years. The encouraging-migration policy, which was adopted to encourage cultivation in Northeast China, did not produce much migration into the region in the early Qing Dynasty. It did, however, provide a policy background, which ensured more than 10000 migrants per year to Northeast China when North China suffered from drought/flood disasters. As a response to the highest peak of migration induced by the severe droughts in North China during 1664–1667, a prohibiting-migration policy restricted further migration to Northeast China was carried out in 1668. Although the prohibiting-migration policy could not entirely stop the migrants fleeing from famine in North China to Northeast China, the migrants and cultivation were significantly reduced under the policy. The frequent changes of the policy on the years when taxation started after the land was cultivated were also related to climate events. The extreme climate events in North China, migration to Northeast China for cultivation, and the related management policies showed an impact-response chain, which reflected the interaction among extreme climate events, human behavior, and policies.