An Examination of the Relationship Between Career Thoughts and Communication Apprehension
An Examination of the Relationship Between Career Thoughts and Communication Apprehension
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职业思想与沟通恐惧之间关系的检验
DOI：
10.1002/j.2161-0045.2009.tb00054.x
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发表时间：
2009
期刊：
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
S. Hartley
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Katie Meyer;R. Reardon;S. Hartley
这项研究探讨了功能失调的职业想法与沟通恐惧水平之间的关系。本科生（88 名女性和 87 名男性）完成了职业想法调查表（CTI；J. P. Sampson、G. W. Peterson、J. G. Lenz、R. C. Reardon 和 D. E. Saunders，1996 年）和沟通恐惧个人报告（PRCA-24；J. C. McCroskey，1984b）。相关系数分析发现 CTI 和 PRCA-24 量表之间存在显着的轻度至中度相关性。结果表明，与沟通恐惧水平较低的人相比，沟通恐惧水平一般和较高的人有更大的决策困惑、承诺焦虑和外部冲突。根据这些结果讨论了对咨询和进一步研究的影响。咨询师通过倾听人们谈论他们的想法或通过检查他们对测试和清单的自我报告反应来推断他们是否准备好接受职业援助。沟通是咨询的重要组成部分；事实上，将感受转化为语言的能力可能会减少情绪困扰（Eisenberger、Lieberman 和 Williams，2003）。然而，咨询文献中很少研究沟通行为本身。我们对过去 20 年出版的《咨询心理学杂志》、《咨询与发展杂志》和《职业发展季刊》的内容进行了检查，发现了一项研究该主题的研究（Swagler & Ellis，2003）。我们试图通过一项研究来解决文献中的这一局限性，该研究检验了以下观点：具有良好自知之明并能够有效沟通的人可能较少有阻碍他们决策的负面职业想法。认知信息处理 (CIP) 理论解释了职业决策中涉及的心理过程（Peterson、Sampson、Lenz 和 Reardon，2002）。根据CIP理论，情绪（情感）和思想（认知）与职业选择密不可分，包括对学习领域、职业和/或工作的选择。当人们思考自己的职业决策时，他们的情绪会激励他们做出并坚持选择，或者导致他们根本不采取行动。 CIP 理论侧重于职业问题解决和决策能力（Peterson 等，2002）。该模型包含四个域，用金字塔表示。金字塔的基础象征着知识领域，包括自我知识和职业知识。 CIP 金字塔的中间层代表决策技能领域，其中包括收集和使用信息来解决问题和做出决策所必需的通用信息处理技能。这些技能包括五个阶段：接收当前状况与期望状况之间差距的外部或内部信号（沟通）、将问题组成部分相互关联（分析）、生成替代方案（综合）、确定选项或替代方案的优先级（评估）以及制定行动计划以缩小差距（执行）——CASVE 循环。金字塔的顶部是执行处理域，它与元认知（例如，自言自语、自我意识、控制和监控）有关，元认知控制着用于做出职业决策的认知策略的选择和排序。 CASVE 周期中的沟通阶段在本研究中具有特殊意义。在此阶段，信息被感觉器官接收并在大脑皮层中解释，这表明存在问题。该信号可能源于外部需求（例如，大学专业的选择、就业的需要），也可能源于内部状态，例如焦虑、抑郁、困惑、回避行为或生理应激反应。然后，人们询问自己和环境，以确定现有的犹豫不决状态和理想的决策状态之间的差距，这有助于解决问题。 ……
This study examined relationships among dysfunctional career thoughts and levels of communication apprehension. Undergraduate students, 88 women and 87 men, completed the Career Thoughts Inventory (CTI; J. P. Sampson, G. W. Peterson, J. G. Lenz, R. C. Reardon, & D. E. Saunders, 1996) and the Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA-24; J. C. McCroskey, 1984b). Analysis of correlation coefficients found significant mild-ro-moderate correlations among scales of the CTI and the PRCA-24. The results indicated that individuals with average and high levels of communication apprehension had greater decision-making confusion, commitment anxiety, and external conflict than persons with low levels of communication apprehension. Implications for counseling and further research are discussed in light of these results. Counselors make inferences about persons' readiness for career assistance by listening to them talk about their thoughts or by examining their self-report responses to tests and inventories. Communication is an essential element of counseling; in fact, the ability to put feelings into words may reduce emotional distress (Eisenberger, Lieberman, & Williams, 2003). However, communication behavior per se is seldom examined in the counseling literature. Our inspection of the contents of the Journal of Counseling Psychology, the Journal of Counseling & Development, and The Career Development Quarterly published during the past 20 years revealed one study examining this topic (Swagler & Ellis, 2003). We sought to address this limitation in the literature by conducting a study examining the idea that persons who have good selfknowledge and can communicate effectively might have fewer negative career thoughts impeding their decision making. The mental processes involved in career decision making are explained in cognitive information processing (CIP) theory (Peterson, Sampson, Lenz, & Reardon, 2002). According to CIP theory, emotions (affect) and thoughts (cognition) are inseparable from career choices, including options about fields of study, occupations, and/or jobs. As persons think through their career decisions, their emotions can motivate them to make and follow through on choices or cause them not to act at all. CIP theory focuses on career problem-solving and decision-making skills (Peterson et al., 2002). The model comprises four domains, which are represented by a pyramid. The foundation of the pyramid symbolizes the knowledge domains, which include self-knowledge and occupational knowledge. The middle level of the CIP pyramid represents the decisionmalting skills domain, which includes generic information-processing skills essential in gathering and using information to solve problems and make decisions. These skills include five phases for receiving external or internal signals of a gap between one's current and desired situation (communication), interrelating problem components (analysis), generating alternatives (synthesis), prioritizing options or alternatives (valuing), and forming an action plan to close the gap (execution) - the CASVE cycle. At the top of the pyramid is the executive processing domain, which relates to metacognitions (e.g., self- talk, self-awareness, and control and monitoring) that govern the choosing and sequencing of cognitive strategies used to make career decisions. The communication phase in the CASVE cycle is of special relevance in this study. In this phase, information is received by the sense organs and interpreted in the cerebral cortex, which signals that a problem exists. The signal may stem from external demands (e.g., choice of college major, the need for employment) or from internal states, such as anxiety, depression, confusion, avoidant behavior, or physiological stress reactions. One then queries oneself and the environment to identify the gap between the existing state of indecision and a desired state of decidedness, which serves to frame the problem. …