Mode of life of Anomiostrea coralliophila Habe, 1975 (Ostreidae) : a sym biotic oyster living in ghost-shrimo burrows
Mode of life of Anomiostrea coralliophila Habe, 1975 (Ostreidae) : a sym biotic oyster living in ghost-shrimo burrows
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Anomiostrea Coralliophila Habe 的生活模式，1975 年（Ostreidae）：一种生活在鬼虾洞穴中的共生牡蛎
DOI：
10.1093/mollus/eyt052
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发表时间：
2014
影响因子：
1.2
通讯作者：
Kato M
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Goto R;Ohsuga K;Kato M
大部分海底被沉积物覆盖，生活着各种穴居动物，包括甲壳类动物、环节动物和软体动物（MacGinitie & MacGinitie, 1968; Morton & Morton, 1983; Dworschak, Felder & Tudge, 2012）。这些动物的洞穴中经常栖息着小型共生动物，有助于海洋沉积栖息地的生物多样性（Morton, 1988; Itani, 2004; Anker et al., 2005; Kneer, Asmus & Vonk, 2008; Dworschak, Felder & Tudge, 2012）。生活在动物洞穴中的共生双壳类已知有Galeommatoidea、Myidae和Lucinidae三个分支（Lawly, 1978; Morton & Scott, 1989; Felder, 2001; Dworschak, Felder & Tudge, 2012； Goto等人，2012），通常是洞穴相关共生体多样性的主要组成部分（Itani, 2004； Anker等人，2005;Goto & Kato, 2012）。在这项研究中，我们报道了双壳类的coralliophila Anomiostrea Habe， 1975 （Ostreidae）在鬼虾neocallicirus jousseaumei (Nobili, 1904)（Callianassidae）的洞穴中共生生活（图5）。1）. 据我们所知，这是第一份关于双壳类动物和穴居甲壳类动物之间紧密共生关系的报告。虽然从轴状虾的洞穴中采集到了几只ostreid Booneostrea subbucula （Jousseaume in Lamy, 1925）的个体（Kneer et al., 2013），但由于样本量很小，尚不清楚它是否是洞穴特异性共生体。2005 - 2013年5 - 6月，在日本鹿儿岛县天见-大岛的Edateku （288300N, 1298210E）亚热带海岸，研究了与N. jousseaumei洞穴相关的大型动物（图1b）。它们的栖息地是一个砾石沙地的低潮间带，有许多嵌岩（图1a）。N. jousseaumei的洞穴通常建在岩石下面，所以我们通过翻动岩石来寻找虾的洞穴。收集并鉴定了与洞穴有关的动物。由于岩石的阻碍，我们无法挖掘洞穴的下部，所以我们的观察仅限于上部和中部。我们每年至少检查10个洞穴，在9年的时间里总共检查了90多个洞穴。Neocallichirus jousseaumei建造了相对宽敞的洞穴（直径2-4厘米），这些洞穴在几个地方有分支（图1c， D），其中一些地方的隧道比其他部分更宽（图1d）。洞壁光滑，内衬细棕色泥（图1 C-E）。在为期9年的调查中，共发现了5种共生物种（表1）：1种双壳类（A. coralliophila）（图2）。1 C， D)，两个galeommatid双壳类（Ephippodonta gigas Kubo， 1996和Scintilla sp.）（图2）。1 C， D)， 1只环状腹足动物（Teinostoma sp.）（图2）。1 E)和1只多面鳞状蠕虫（图1 F）。每年共发现3种共生体（珊瑚虫、珊瑚虫和多鳞虫）；Scintilla sp.除2013年外均有发现，Teinostoma sp.仅2013年有发现。在我们的调查中，这些共生体从未在自由生活状态下的洞穴外或在其他同栖无脊椎动物的洞穴内被发现（例如Neaxius sp., Ochetostoma sp.和Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus， 1766）。2013年5月25日至26日，为了定量评估各共生体物种的穴居情况，我们记录了13个刺槐穴居中观察到的共生体数量（表1）。在超过75%的检查洞穴中发现了嗜珊瑚异流虫（表1），多个个体经常聚集在隧道的较宽连接处（图1 C， D）。在大约30%的洞穴中发现了长尾马齿兽。
Most of the ocean bottom is covered by sediment, which is inhabited by various burrowing animals, including crustaceans, annelids and molluscs (MacGinitie & MacGinitie, 1968; Morton & Morton, 1983; Dworschak, Felder & Tudge, 2012). The burrows of these animals are often inhabited by small symbiotic animals, contributing to the biodiversity of the marine sedimentary habitat (Morton, 1988; Itani, 2004; Anker et al., 2005; Kneer, Asmus & Vonk, 2008; Dworschak, Felder & Tudge, 2012). Symbiotic bivalves living in animal burrows are known from the three lineages Galeommatoidea, Myidae and Lucinidae (Lawly, 1978; Morton & Scott, 1989; Felder, 2001; Dworschak, Felder & Tudge, 2012; Goto et al., 2012) and are often a major component of the diversity of burrow-associated symbionts (Itani, 2004; Anker et al., 2005; Goto & Kato, 2012). In this study, we report that the bivalve Anomiostrea coralliophila Habe, 1975 (Ostreidae) lives symbiotically in the burrows of the ghost shrimp Neocallichirus jousseaumei (Nobili, 1904)(Callianassidae)(Fig. 1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of a tight symbiotic association between an ostreid bivalve and a burrow-dwelling crustacean. Although several individuals of the ostreid Booneostrea subucula (Jousseaume in Lamy, 1925) have been collected from an axiid shrimp burrow (Kneer et al., 2013), it remains unclear whether it is a burrow-specific symbiont, because the sample size was small. We surveyed the macrofauna associated with the burrows of N. jousseaumei (Fig. 1 B) on the subtropical coast of Edateku (288300N, 1298210E), Amami-Oshima Island, Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan, during spring low tides in May or June from 2005 to 2013. The habitat is the lower intertidal zone of a gravelly sandflat, with many embedded rocks (Fig. 1 A). The burrows of N. jousseaumei are often constructed under rocks, so we looked for shrimp burrows by turning over the rocks. Animals associated with the burrows were collected and identified. Owing to obstruction by rocks, we could not dig up the lower parts of the burrows, so our observations were limited to the upper and middle parts. We examined at least 10 burrows in each year, in total more than 90 burrows over the course of 9 years. Neocallichirus jousseaumei constructs relatively spacious burrows (diameter 2–4 cm) that are branched in several places (Fig. 1 C, D), at which points the tunnels are wider than the other parts (Fig. 1 D). The burrow wall is smooth and lined with fine brown mud (Fig. 1 C–E).During the 9-year survey, five symbiont species were found in the burrows of N. jousseaumei (Table 1): one ostreid bivalve (A. coralliophila)(Fig. 1 C, D), two galeommatid bivalves (Ephippodonta gigas Kubo, 1996 and Scintilla sp.)(Fig. 1 C, D), one tornid gastropod (Teinostoma sp.)(Fig. 1 E) and one polynoid scale worm (Fig. 1 F). Three symbiont species (A. coralliophila, E. gigas and a polynoid scale worm) were found in each year; Scintilla sp. was found every year except 2013, and Teinostoma sp. was found only in 2013. In our survey, these symbionts were never found outside the burrows in a free-living state or inside the burrows of other, sympatric invertebrates (eg Neaxius sp., Ochetostoma sp. and Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766). To assess quantitatively the burrow occupancy of each symbiont species, we recorded the numbers of symbionts observed in 13 N. jousseaumei burrows on 25–26 May 2013 (Table 1). Anomiostrea coralliophila was found in more than 75% of the burrows examined (Table 1) and multiple individuals were often clustered at the wider junctions of the tunnels (Fig. 1 C, D). Ephippodonta gigas was found in c. 30% of the burrows …