Digenic Inheritance: Evidence and Gaps in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.

Digenic Inheritance: Evidence and Gaps in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis.
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DOI:
10.3389/fimmu.2021.777851
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发表时间:
2021
影响因子:
7.3
通讯作者:
Meyer LK
Meyer LK
中科院分区:
医学2区
文献类型:
--
作者:
Steen EA;Hermiston ML;Nichols KE;Meyer LK

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噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症(HLH)是一种以不能正确终止免疫反应为特征的高炎症性疾病。家族性HLH (FHLH)和相关的免疫失调综合征与基因PRF1、UNC13D、STX11、STXBP2、LYST、AP3B1和RAB27A的突变有关,这些基因都是CD8+ T细胞和自然杀伤(NK)细胞内细胞毒性颗粒的组装、胞吐和功能所必需的。这些基因的功能缺失突变使细胞毒性途径失效,从而无法根除免疫刺激,如感染性病原体或恶性细胞。由此产生的持续免疫系统刺激驱动高细胞分裂血症,最终导致严重的组织炎症和终末器官损伤。传统上,FHLH的诊断需要在这些脱颗粒途径基因之一中识别双等位基因功能丧失突变。然而,这一狭窄的定义未能包括其他遗传机制导致脱肉芽通路功能障碍的患者。特别是,越来越多的临床证据支持FHLH的潜在遗传模式,其中两个不同脱颗粒途径基因的单个功能丧失突变合作损害途径活性。在这里,我们回顾了fhlh相关基因在脱粒途径中的功能,并总结了支持这种机制途径上的累积缺陷可能是HLH基础的模型的临床证据。
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a hyperinflammatory disorder characterized by the inability to properly terminate an immune response. Familial HLH (FHLH) and related immune dysregulation syndromes are associated with mutations in the genes PRF1, UNC13D, STX11, STXBP2, LYST, AP3B1, and RAB27A, all of which are required for the assembly, exocytosis, and function of cytotoxic granules within CD8+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Loss-of-function mutations in these genes render the cytotoxicity pathway ineffective, thereby failing to eradicate immune stimuli, such as infectious pathogens or malignant cells. The resulting persistent immune system stimulation drives hypercytokinemia, ultimately leading to severe tissue inflammation and end-organ damage. Traditionally, a diagnosis of FHLH requires the identification of biallelic loss-of-function mutations in one of these degranulation pathway genes. However, this narrow definition fails to encompass patients with other genetic mechanisms underlying degranulation pathway dysfunction. In particular, mounting clinical evidence supports a potential digenic mode of inheritance of FHLH in which single loss-of-function mutations in two different degranulation pathway genes cooperate to impair pathway activity. Here, we review the functions of the FHLH-associated genes within the degranulation pathway and summarize clinical evidence supporting a model in which cumulative defects along this mechanistic pathway may underlie HLH.
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