Instructional versus schedule control of humans' choices in situations of diminishing returns.
Instructional versus schedule control of humans' choices in situations of diminishing returns.
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在收益递减的情况下，对人类选择的指导与时间表控制。
DOI：
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发表时间：
1994
影响因子：
2.7
通讯作者：
Veronica R. Joker
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
T. Hackenberg;Veronica R. Joker
四个成年人在固定时间计划（随后可以兑换金钱的积分）和渐进时间计划之间反复进行选择，渐进时间计划从 0 秒开始，并随着该计划交付的每个点增加固定的秒数。固定时间计划交付的每个点都会将渐进时间计划的要求重置为其最小值。向受试者提供指定特定选择顺序的说明。在初始条件下，指令准确地指定了最优选择序列。因此，指令控制和编程意外事件的最佳控制都支持相同的性能。为了区分指令的效果和时间表敏感性，通过改变渐进时间时间表的步长同时保持相同的指令，在不同条件下逐渐改变指令和最佳选择模式之间的对应关系。控制步长，通常以 1 秒为单位，首先按条件的升序排列，然后按降序排列。指令很快就对所有 4 个受试者建立了控制，但通过缩小选择模式的范围，它们降低了随后对时间表变化的敏感性。教学控制在每个受试者的渐进时间值的升序中保持不变，但最终减弱，让位于更适合时间表的模式。从适合教学的行为到适合日程的行为的转变的特点是选择模式的可变性增加和点密度的局部增加。在渐进时间值的降序上，行为似乎对日程敏感，有时甚至是最佳敏感，但它并不总是随着意外事件而系统地改变，这表明还涉及其他因素。
Four adult humans chose repeatedly between a fixed-time schedule (of points later exchangeable for money) and a progressive-time schedule that began at 0 s and increased by a fixed number of seconds with each point delivered by that schedule. Each point delivered by the fixed-time schedule reset the requirements of the progressive-time schedule to its minimum value. Subjects were provided with instructions that specified a particular sequence of choices. Under the initial conditions, the instructions accurately specified the optimal choice sequence. Thus, control by instructions and optimal control by the programmed contingencies both supported the same performance. To distinguish the effects of instructions from schedule sensitivity, the correspondence between the instructed and optimal choice patterns was gradually altered across conditions by varying the step size of the progressive-time schedule while maintaining the same instructions. Step size was manipulated, typically in 1-s units, first in an ascending and then in a descending sequence of conditions. Instructions quickly established control in all 4 subjects but, by narrowing the range of choice patterns, they reduced subsequent sensitivity to schedule changes. Instructional control was maintained across the ascending sequence of progressive-time values for each subject, but eventually diminished, giving way to more schedule-appropriate patterns. The transition from instruction-appropriate to schedule-appropriate behavior was characterized by an increase in the variability of choice patterns and local increases in point density. On the descending sequence of progressive-time values, behavior appeared to be schedule sensitive, sometimes even optimally sensitive, but it did not always change systematically with the contingencies, suggesting the involvement of other factors.
自生规则对日程控制行为发展的影响。
影响因子：
2.7
作者：
Rosenfarb,IS;Newland,MC;Brannon,SE;Howey,DS
通讯作者：
Howey,DS