Born Knowing: Imprinting and the Origins of Knowledge
Born Knowing: Imprinting and the Origins of Knowledge
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生来就知道：印记和知识的起源
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发表时间：
2021
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通讯作者：
G. Vallortigara
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作者：
G. Vallortigara
一位研究大脑的专家认为，大脑不是一张白纸，许多早期行为是生物学上的倾向，而不是后天习得的。为什么新生儿对脸（或类似脸的东西）的偏好超过了非脸的物体？为什么小鸡宝宝喜欢移动的物体而不是无生命的物体？无论是人类宝宝还是小鸡宝宝都没有时间去学习喜欢面孔或动作。在《天生知晓》一书中，神经科学家乔治·瓦洛蒂加拉（Giorgio Vallortigara）认为，大脑不是一张白纸。早期行为是生物学上的倾向，而不是后天习得的，这种本能或先天的行为，Vallortigara说，是理解知识起源的关键。瓦洛蒂加拉借鉴了自己实验室几十年来进行的研究，探索了小鸡的印记过程与人类新生儿的认知能力相平行，揭示了生命初期的思想。他解释说，对人脸或类似人脸的物体和有生命的物体的偏好--他称之为“生命探测器”的倾向--可以简化学习，使大脑避免环境中令人困惑的多种物体，他认为自闭症谱系障碍可能与对有生命物体的偏好不足有关。他还证明了动物不需要语言来思考，加法和减法可以在没有数字的情况下进行。瓦洛蒂加拉认为，知识的起源是人类和动物作为基本大脑设备所拥有的智慧，是自然历史的产物，而不是个体发展的产物。下载电子书，阅读文件pdf印记和知识的起源
An expert on the brain argues that the mind is not a blank slate and that much early behavior is biologically predisposed rather than learned. Why do newborns show a preference for a face (or something that resembles a face) over a nonface-like object? Why do baby chicks prefer a moving object to an inanimate one? Neither baby human nor baby chick has had time to learn to like faces or movement. In Born Knowing, neuroscientist Giorgio Vallortigara argues that the mind is not a blank slate. Early behavior is biologically predisposed rather than learned, and this instinctive or innate behavior, Vallortigara says, is key to understanding the origins of knowledge. Drawing on research carried out in his own laboratory over several decades, Vallortigara explores what the imprinting process in young chicks, paralleled by the cognitive feats of human newborns, reveals about minds at the onset of life. He explains that a preference for faces or representations of something face-like and animate objects--predispositions he calls "life detectors"--streamlines learning, allowing minds to avoid a confusing multiplicity of objects in the environment, and he considers the possibility that autism spectrum disorders might be linked to a deficit in the preference for the animate. He also demonstrates that animals do not need language to think, and that addition and subtraction can be performed without numbers. The origin of knowledge, Vallortigara argues, is the wisdom that humans and animals possess as basic brain equipment, the product of natural history rather than individual development.... Download ebook, read file pdf Imprinting and the Origins of Knowledge