Mitochondrial genomes from modern horses reveal the major haplogroups that underwent domestication
Mitochondrial genomes from modern horses reveal the major haplogroups that underwent domestication
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DOI：
10.1073/pnas.1111637109
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发表时间：
2012-02-14
影响因子：
11.1
通讯作者：
Torroni, Antonio
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Achilli, Alessandro;Olivieri, Anna;Torroni, Antonio
关于野马（Equus ferus）驯化的时间和模式的考古学和遗传学证据仍然存在争议。高水平的遗传多样性在马mtDNA的控制区分析时已被检测到，然而，经常性的突变，往往模糊了系统发育树的结构。在这里，我们通过分析来自亚洲，欧洲，中东和美洲的现代马的83个线粒体基因组，将马的mtDNA遗传学带到了分子分辨率的最高水平。我们的数据揭示了18个主要的单倍型群（A-R），其辐射时间主要局限于新石器时代及更晚的时期，并将与祖海有丝分裂基因组相对应的生殖根置于类似于13 - 16万年前。所有的单倍群在亚洲现代马中均被检测到，但F仅在E.普氏野马--仅存的野马。因此，从已灭绝的E.新石器时代，ferus在欧亚草原经历了驯化，并传入现代E。caballus品种。重要的是，现在已经定义了主要的马单倍型群，每个都有诊断突变基序（在编码区和控制区），这些单倍型可以很容易地用于（i）分类保存完好的古代遗骸，（ii）（重新）评估现代品种的单倍型群变异，包括纯种马，（iii）评估mtDNA背景在赛马表现中的可能作用。
Archaeological and genetic evidence concerning the time and mode of wild horse (Equus ferus) domestication is still debated. High levels of genetic diversity in horse mtDNA have been detected when analyzing the control region; recurrent mutations, however, tend to blur the structure of the phylogenetic tree. Here, we brought the horse mtDNA phylogeny to the highest level of molecular resolution by analyzing 83 mitochondrial genomes from modern horses across Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the Americas. Our data reveal 18 major haplogroups (A-R) with radiation times that are mostly confined to the Neolithic and later periods and place the root of the phylogeny corresponding to the Ancestral Mare Mitogenome at similar to 130-160 thousand years ago. All haplogroups were detected in modern horses from Asia, but F was only found in E. przewalskii-the only remaining wild horse. Therefore, a wide range of matrilineal lineages from the extinct E. ferus underwent domestication in the Eurasian steppes during the Eneolithic period and were transmitted to modern E. caballus breeds. Importantly, now that the major horse haplogroups have been defined, each with diagnostic mutational motifs (in both the coding and control regions), these haplotypes could be easily used to (i) classify well-preserved ancient remains, (ii) (re) assess the haplogroup variation of modern breeds, including Thoroughbreds, and (iii) evaluate the possible role of mtDNA backgrounds in racehorse performance.