On the relationship between regional geomorphology and lake morphometry ― a Swedish example
On the relationship between regional geomorphology and lake morphometry ― a Swedish example
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区域地貌与湖泊形态测量之间的关系——以瑞典为例
DOI：
10.1080/04353676.1984.11880102
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发表时间：
1984
影响因子：
1.5
通讯作者：
B. Karlsson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
L. Håkanson;B. Karlsson
这项工作的目的是：（1）从瑞典全境尽可能多的湖泊收集关于某些湖泊形态特征（面积、体积和最大深度）和地貌来源的数据，建立一个地貌湖泊登记册，（2）测试一个关于湖泊形态与湖泊环境之间的定量关系的工作假设。目前，该登记册包括1060个湖泊。通过聚类分析验证了工作假设。结果包括瑞典的一个新的划分为五个地区的湖泊相似的形态。这些结果可以，例如，根据对湖泊面积的了解，可用于从统计上确定湖泊体积、平均和最大深度、湖泊形态和受侵蚀和运输过程支配的湖底面积百分比的最可能的“正常”值。瑞典有超过10万个湖泊。没有人能给出一个精确的数字，因为没有确切的定义什么是湖，池，池塘或河流湖泊。此外，它永远不可能是一个确定的数字，因为湖泊经历了一个独特的生命周期：创造-青年-成熟-老年-灭绝。这种发展通常是非常缓慢的，很难注意到个人的标准，尽管事实上，湖泊往往是迅速（在地质意义上）和激烈的内生和外源，现在，人为的力量。湖泊在地球上分布不均匀，在受冰川活动影响的地区最丰富（哈钦森，1957年）。世界上很少有地方比斯堪的纳维亚半岛拥有更多的湖泊，图1展示了瑞典湖泊的分布。形态测量学在很大程度上决定了湖泊的湖沼学、沉积学和水文学特征，湖泊往往是生态系统的重要组成部分（参见。Wetzel，1975）。它们有时也是冲突的原因，不同的利益集团对湖泊和其他淡水作为自然资源的使用有不同的想法和要求（参见《自然资源法》）。Franco和Wetzel，1983年）。目前，许多工业化国家正在讨论水产养殖的先决条件（Ackefors，1982年）。Aquarium。如农业一样，需要了解自然功能和机制，以便制定适当的计划，尽量减少滥用的可能性。这项工作的目的是测试一个工作假设是否存在一个定量的湖泊周围环境之间的关系，在这种情况下，地貌和湖泊形态。为了测试这一点，数据收集尽可能多的湖泊在整个瑞典的某些形态特征以及地理区域。这是一项艰巨的任务，始于1980年。一份更全面的报告已经用瑞典语发表（Hakanson等人，1983年）。本文旨在总结一些结果和观点，希望能引起人们的普遍兴趣.因此，我们将只简要地讨论方法和未来可能的方式利用这些成果在湖泊管理和规划。这里的重点是工作假设和背后的一般方法。工作的最终想法是试图提出一种方法，使典型的，在不同的地貌区域的特征湖泊形态特征的确定;如果“正常”形态可以客观地确定，那么它也有可能量化偏离“正常”。Falkenmark Geografiska Annaler * 66 A（1984）1-2 103介绍了一份关于瑞典水资源的综合出版物。本内容于2016年9月21日星期三05：19：22 UTC从http://about.jstor.org/terms下载。157.55.39.163 Sant mman~，t~i[ av M6XGNUS LUI，NDQt：IST i .Al t xl{2：）0000i）：：o 14}E t. 4i #;
The purpose of this work has been: (1) to collect data on certain lake morphometrical characteristics (area, volume and maximum depth) and geomorphological provenance from as many lakes as possible throughout Sweden, i.e., to establish a geomorphological lake register, and (2) to test a working hypothesis concerning a quantifiable relationship between lake morphometry and lake surroundings. Presently, the register includes 1060 lakes. The working hypothesis has been verified by means of a cluster analysis. The results include a new division of Sweden into five regions with lakes of similar morphometry. These results may, e.g., be used to statistically determine the most probable, 'normal', values of lake volume, mean and maximum depth, lake form and percentage area of lake bottom dominated by processes of erosion and transportation, from knowledge of lake area alone. Introduction Sweden has over 100 000 lakes. No one could give a precise figure because there are no exact definitions what is a lake, a pool, a pond or a river lake. Moreover, it could never be a definite figure because lakes undergo a characteristic lifespan: creation-youth-maturity-old age-extinction. This development is generally very slow and difficult to notice by individual standards in spite of the fact that lakes are often created both rapidly (in a geological sense) and drastically by endogenic and exogenic and, nowadays, anthropogenic forces. Lakes are unevenly distributed on the earth and are most abundant in areas affected by glacial activity (Hutchinson, 1957). Few parts of the world have more lakes than Scandinavia, which is demonstrated by Fig. 1 illustrating the distribution of lakes in Sweden. The morphometry largely determines the limnological, sedimentological and hydrological character of the lake, and lakes are often important integral parts of the ecosystem (cf. Wetzel, 1975). They are also sometimes the cause of conflicts, and different interest groups have different ideas and demands concerning the use of lakes and other bodies of freshwater as natural resources (cf. Franco and Wetzel, 1983). Presently, the prerequisites for aquaculture are under debate in many industrialised countries (Ackefors, 1982). Aquaculture. as agriculture, requires knowledge of natural functions and mechanisms so that adequate plans can be worked out and the possibilities for misuse minimized. Aim of the work The objective of this work is to test a working hypothesis whether there exists a quantifiable relationship between the lake surroundings, in this case the geomorphology, and the lake morphometry. To test this, data were collected from as many lakes as possible throughout Sweden on certain morphometric characteristics as well as on geom phological regions. This has been an arduous task which started in 1980. A more comprehensive report has been published in Swedish (Hakanson et al., 1983). This paper is intended to summarize some results and ideas of, hopefully, mo e general interest. Thus, we will only briefly discuss methods and possible future ways of utilizing these results in lake management and planni g. The focus here is on the working hypothesis and the general approach behind it. The ultimate idea underlying the work is to try to present a method that enables the determination of typical, characteristic lake morphometric features in different geomorphological regions; if the 'normal' morphometry can be determined objectively, then it would also be possible to quantify divergencies from the 'normal'. A comprehensive publication on Sweden's water resources has been presented by Falkenmark Geografiska Annaler * 66 A (1984) 1-2 103 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.163 on Wed, 21 Sep 2016 05:19:22 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms LARS HAKANSON AND BERT KARLSSON ATLAiS O£. stVEXtE _ SJ OAR LAKES Sant mman~,t~i[ av M6XGNUS LUI,NDQt:IST i .Al t xl{2: )00oo0i) ::o isO 14}E t.4i# ;