In Search of the jüdische Typus: A Proposed Benchmark to Test the Genetic Basis of Jewishness Challenges Notions of "Jewish Biomarkers".
In Search of the jüdische Typus: A Proposed Benchmark to Test the Genetic Basis of Jewishness Challenges Notions of "Jewish Biomarkers".
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DOI：
10.3389/fgene.2016.00141
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发表时间：
2016
影响因子：
3.7
通讯作者：
Elhaik E
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Elhaik E
关于犹太性是否是一个“真正的”“犹太类型”（jüdische Typus）祖先所固有的生物学特征或信仰体系的争论已经持续了两个多世纪。虽然积累的生物学和人类学证据支持后一种论点，但最近的基因研究结果，在直接面向消费者的基因产业的支持下，声称要从基因组数据中识别犹太人或量化一个人的犹太性。为了测试犹太人和非犹太人在遗传上是可区分的说法的优点，我们提出了一个基准，其中犹太人和非犹太人的基因组数据在两代人中杂交，并根据东正教宗教法（Halacha）或以色列回归法对终端后代的观察和预测犹太性进行比较。学术界、公众和23andMe的成员被邀请使用该基准来测试犹太人与非犹太人在基因上不同的说法。在这里，我们报告了这些试验的结果。我们还比较了来自近30个非洲-欧亚犹太社区的10300个个体的基因组相似性，以模拟jüdische Typus人群。结果进行了讨论，在犹太人的遗传学和相关领域的现代趋势，并提供了一个永恒的问题“谁是犹太人？”
The debate as to whether Jewishness is a biological trait inherent from an “authentic” “Jewish type” (jüdische Typus) ancestor or a system of beliefs has been raging for over two centuries. While the accumulated biological and anthropological evidence support the latter argument, recent genetic findings, bolstered by the direct-to-consumer genetic industry, purport to identify Jews or quantify one’s Jewishness from genomic data. To test the merit of claims that Jews and non-Jews are genetically distinguishable, we propose a benchmark where genomic data of Jews and non-Jews are hybridized over two generations and the observed and predicted Jewishness of the terminal offspring according to either the Orthodox religious law (Halacha) or the Israeli Law of Return are compared. Members of academia, the public, and 23andMe were invited to use the benchmark to test claims that Jews are genetically distinct from non-Jews. Here, we report the findings from these trials. We also compare the genomic similarity of ∼300 individuals from nearly thirty Afro-Eurasian Jewish communities to a simulated jüdische Typus population. The results are discussed in light of modern trends in the genetics of Jews and related fields and provide a tentative answer to the ageless question “who is a Jew?”