A Direct Test of the Influence of Nicotine Response Expectancies on the Subjective and Cognitive Effects of Smoking
A Direct Test of the Influence of Nicotine Response Expectancies on the Subjective and Cognitive Effects of Smoking
复制标题
DOI：
10.1037/a0028652
复制
发表时间：
2012-08-01
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Juliano, Laura M.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Harrell, Paul T.;Juliano, Laura M.
无论实际尼古丁含量如何，对香烟尼古丁含量的预期都会影响吸烟的主观奖励效果，甚至可能影响认知能力。理论上，这些影响是由吸烟影响的信念或反应预期介导的。然而，很少有研究直接操纵反应预期。了解这些操作的影响可以提高尼古丁依赖治疗和药物的有效性。使用2 x 2受试者间析因设计，吸烟者（N = 80）吸烟尼古丁或安慰剂（脱尼古丁）香烟，并与香烟会增强或损害认知和运动表现的说明交叉。正如预测的那样，在“告诉增强”条件下的参与者比在“告诉损害”条件下的参与者更相信尼古丁对表现有有益的影响。与那些“被告知受损”的人相比，那些“被告知增强”的人报告了更多的心理奖励，愉快的身体感觉，对香烟的渴望减少，以及更大的动力来完成认知任务。相对于安慰剂香烟，尼古丁香烟产生更大的满意度，渴望减少和头晕的报告。在快速视觉信息处理任务（一种持续注意力的测试）中，吸食尼古丁香烟会产生更好的表现;但预期操纵没有影响。这些数据表明，反应预期可以通过实验操纵，可以影响吸烟的感知奖励效应，但似乎不会影响认知表现。这些发现增加了我们对期望操纵的好处和局限性的理解，无论是实验还是作为一种治疗技术。
Regardless of actual nicotine content, expectations about the nicotine content of a cigarette influence the rewarding subjective effects of smoking, and may even affect cognitive performance. These effects are theorized to be mediated by beliefs about effects of cigarette smoking, or response expectancies. However, few studies have directly manipulated response expectancies. Understanding the effects of such manipulations could improve effectiveness of nicotine-dependence treatments and medications. Using a 2 x 2 between-subjects factorial design, cigarette smokers (N = 80) smoked either a nicotine or a placebo (denicotinized) cigarette crossed with instructions that the cigarette would either enhance or impair cognitive and motor performance. As predicted, participants in the "told enhance" condition reported significantly greater beliefs that nicotine had beneficial effects on performance than those in the "told impair" condition. Compared to those "told impair," those "told enhance" reported more psychological reward, enjoyable physical sensations, and craving reduction from the cigarette, as well as greater motivation to perform well on a cognitive task. Relative to placebo cigarettes, nicotine cigarettes produced greater reports of satisfaction, craving reduction, and dizziness. Smoking a nicotine cigarette produced better performance on the Rapid Visual Information Processing Task, a test of sustained attention; but the expectancy manipulation had no effect. These data suggest that response expectancies can be experimentally manipulated and can influence perceived rewarding effects of cigarette smoking, but do not appear to affect cognitive performance. These findings add to our understanding of the benefits and limitations of expectancy manipulations, both experimentally and as a treatment technique.