Genetic identity and relationships of Iranian apple (Malus * domestica Borkh.) cultivars and landraces, wild Malus species and representative old apple cultivars based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis.
Genetic identity and relationships of Iranian apple (Malus * domestica Borkh.) cultivars and landraces, wild Malus species and representative old apple cultivars based on simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker analysis.
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DOI：
10.1007/s10722-008-9404-0
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发表时间：
2009-01-01
影响因子：
2
通讯作者：
Gardiner, S. E.
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Gharghani, A.;Zamani, Z.;Gardiner, S. E.
为了阐明伊朗在苹果进化和驯化中的作用，我们选择调查 159 个野生和驯化苹果品种的关系，包括伊朗本土苹果品种和地方品种、选定的野生品种以及来自世界不同地区的老苹果接穗和砧木品种。大多数野生物种属于来自哈萨克斯坦的M. sieversii，人们普遍认为它是国产苹果的主要野生母系祖先；而M. orientalis，可能是国产苹果的次要祖先之一，来自分别位于伊朗东部和西部的土耳其和俄罗斯。为了生成遗传参数信息，将这些材料分配到六个任意群体中。通过从所有种质中提取的 DNA 筛选了从之前的苹果研究中选出的 9 个简单序列重复 (SSR) 位点。结果显示，所有SSR位点均表现出非常高的多态性程度，每个位点有11-25个等位基因。所有位点总共有 153 个等位基因，平均每个位点有 17 个等位基因。然后使用SSR等位基因数据估计群体遗传参数，包括遗传变异统计、F统计、基因流、遗传同一性、遗传距离，然后使用POPGENE 1.32软件进行聚类分析。 F 统计数据和基因流尤其表明群体内部的变异多于群体之间的变异。遗传同一性和遗传距离估计，以及通过聚类分析的未加权对组算术平均（UPGMA）方法生成的树状图表明，伊朗品种和地方品种与来自中亚（伊朗东部）的M. sieversii和原产于土耳其和俄罗斯的东方M. 比与其他苹果品种的相关性更密切。此外，与其他野生品种相比，来自世界不同地区的老苹果品种与 M. sieversii、M. orientalis 和伊朗苹果的遗传关系更为密切。基于这些结果，我们认为伊朗苹果可能处于驯化品种和野生品种之间的中间位置。我们建议伊朗可以成为苹果驯化和中亚向西方国家转移的主要参与者之一。
In order to shed light on the role of Iran in apple evolution and domestication, we chose to investigate the relationships of a collection of 159 accessions of wild and domesticated apples including Iranian indigenous apple cultivars and landraces, selected wild species, and old apple scion and rootstock cultivars from different parts of the world. The majority of the wild species belonged to M. sieversii, which is widely believed to be the main maternal wild ancestor of domestic apples, from Kazakhstan and M. orientalis, which is one of the probable minor ancestors of domestic apples, from Turkey and Russia located on the east and west of Iran, respectively. The accessions were assigned into six arbitrary populations for the purpose of generating information on genetic parameters. Nine simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci selected from previous studies in apple were screened over DNA extracted from all the accessions. Results showed that all SSR loci displayed a very high degree of polymorphism with 11-25 alleles per locus. In total, there were 153 alleles across all loci with an average of 17 alleles per locus. The SSR allelic data were then used for estimation of population genetic parameters, including genetic variation statistics, F-statistics, gene flow, genetic identity, genetic distance and then cluster analysis using POPGENE 1.32 software. The F-statistics and gene flow in particular, showed that there was more intra-population than between population variation. The genetic identity and genetic distance estimates, and the dendrogram generated from the un-weighted pair group arithmetic average (UPGMA) method of cluster analysis showed that the Iranian cultivars and landraces were more closely related to M. sieversii from Central Asia (east of Iran) and M. orientalis native to Turkey and Russia than to other accessions of Malus species. Also, the old apple cultivars from different parts of the world have a closer genetic relationship to M. sieversii, M. orientalis and the Iranian apples, than to other wild species. Based on these results, we suggest that the Iranian apples may occupy an intermediate position between the domesticated varieties and wild species. We propose that Iran could be one of the major players in apples' domestication and transfer from Central Asia to the western countries.