Alpine Newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris) Avoid Habitats Previously Used by Parasite-Exposed Conspecifics
Alpine Newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris) Avoid Habitats Previously Used by Parasite-Exposed Conspecifics
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DOI：
10.3389/fevo.2021.636099
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发表时间：
2021-03-11
影响因子：
3
通讯作者：
Bosch, Jaime
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
Daversa, David R.;Manica, Andrea;Bosch, Jaime
许多生物避开有被寄生风险的栖息地。然而，寄生虫通常并不明显，这就提出了一个问题，即个体使用什么线索来检测寄生风险。在这里，我们在高山蝾螈（alpestris鱼螈）中提供了证据，表明来自暴露于寄生虫的同种生物的非视觉线索会提示栖息地回避。高山蝾螈在水生栖息地繁殖，偶尔在繁殖季节在邻近的陆地栖息地之间移动。我们用蝾螈完成了实验，在实验中，蝾螈个体可以进入这两种栖息地，而水生栖息地因其暴露于寄生皮肤真菌Batrachochytrium dendroatidis （Bd）的不同历史而有所不同。对蝾螈活动进行为期2天的连续拍摄，几乎没有证据表明同种生物之前对水生栖息地的使用，无论其Bd暴露史如何，都会立即影响蝾螈对栖息地的使用。然而，在第1天遇到暴露于bd的同种蝾螈专门使用的水生栖息地的蝾螈在第2天的水生时间较少，而其他蝾螈则没有改变栖息地的使用。反应可能是由同种生物上的Bd阶段产生的线索引起的，或者更有可能是同种生物自己发出的线索。无论哪种情况，这些观察结果表明，蝾螈使用来自暴露的同种生物的非视觉线索来检测Bd风险，这些线索导致蝾螈避开水生栖息地。因此，Bd可能在相互作用的早期阶段，甚至可能在与感染阶段发生任何接触之前，影响宿主的行为，从而产生潜在的非消耗性影响。
Many organisms avoid habitats posing risks of parasitism. Parasites are not generally conspicuous, however, which raises the question of what cues individuals use to detect parasitism risk. Here, we provide evidence in alpine newts (Ichthyosaura alpestris) that non-visual cues from parasite-exposed conspecifics inform habitat avoidance. Alpine newts breed in aquatic habitats and occasionally move among adjacent terrestrial habitat during breeding seasons. We completed experiments with newts whereby individuals had access to both habitats, and the aquatic habitats varied in prior occupancy by conspecifics with different histories of exposure to the parasitic skin fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). Continuous filming of newt activity for 2 days provided little evidence that prior use of aquatic habitats by conspecifics, regardless of their Bd exposure history, immediately influenced newt habitat use. However, newts that encountered aquatic habitats used specifically by Bd-exposed conspecifics on day 1 spent less time aquatic on day 2, whereas other newts did not alter habitat use. Responses could have been elicited by cues generated by Bd stages on the conspecifics or, perhaps more likely, cues emitted by the conspecifics themselves. In either case, these observations suggest that newts use non-visual cues sourced from exposed conspecifics to detect Bd risk and that those cues cause newts to avoid aquatic habitats. Bd may therefore influence host behavior in early phases of interactions, and possibly before any contact with infectious stages is made, creating potential for non-consumptive effects.