Scheloribatid Mites as the Source of Pumiliotoxins in Dendrobatid Frogs†
Scheloribatid Mites as the Source of Pumiliotoxins in Dendrobatid Frogs†
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DOI：
10.1007/s10886-005-7109-9
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发表时间：
2005-09
影响因子：
2.3
通讯作者：
Wataru Takada;T. Sakata;S. Shimano;Y. Enami;N. Mori;R. Nishida;Y. Kuwahara
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Wataru Takada;T. Sakata;S. Shimano;Y. Enami;N. Mori;R. Nishida;Y. Kuwahara
草莓毒蛙Dendrobates umilio(无尾两栖纲：Dendrobatidae)及其相关毒蛙含有多种树枝状生物碱，这些生物碱被认为是通过摄取栖息地微共生分布的含生物碱的节肢动物而被隔离的。除了蚂蚁、甲虫和千足虫外，我们还发现属于短角类的两种甲螨的成虫含有树枝状生物碱，这是一种营养水平低于蚂蚁和甲虫的动物。用气相色谱/质谱仪(GC/MS)对成虫的正己烷提取物进行了分析，发现除251D(8-hydroxy-8-methyl-6-(2′-methylhexylidene)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane)，外，还含有前球藻毒素193C和另一种球藻碱型生物碱。从一个未鉴定的Scheloribatessp.的相应提取物中，检测到一个次要成分--Pumiliooxin237A(8-hydroxy-8-methyl-6-(2′-methylpentylidene)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane)，并通过合成鉴定了其结构。GC/MS裂解图谱显示相关生物碱的存在，包括脱氧霉菌毒素193H、6，8-二乙基-5-丙烯基吲哚利定和暂定的1-乙基-4-戊烯基喹啉，以及至少6种未知生物碱成分。因此，在毒蛙中发现的粉刺毒素、瓢虫类生物碱和某些齐丁碱的一个可能来源可能是裂叶螨属的螨类，或许是Oriatida亚目的相关属。
The strawberry poison frogDendrobates pumilio(Anura: Dendrobatidae) and related poison frogs contain a variety of dendrobatid alkaloids that are considered to be sequestered through the consumption of alkaloid-containing arthropods microsympatrically distributed in the habitat. In addition to ants, beetles, and millipedes, we found that adults of two species of oribatid mites belonging to the cohort Brachypylina, trophically a lower level of animal than ants and beetles, contain dendrobatid alkaloids. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of hexane extracts of adultScheloribates azumaensis(Oribatida: Acari) revealed the presence of not only pumiliotoxin 251D (8-hydroxy-8-methyl-6-(2′-methylhexylidene)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane), but also precoccinelline 193C and another coccinelline-type alkaloid. From the corresponding extracts of an unidentifiedScheloribatessp., pumiliotoxin 237A (8-hydroxy-8-methyl-6-(2′-methylpentylidene)-1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane) was detected as a minor component, and identified by synthesis. The presence of related alkaloids, namely deoxypumiliotoxin 193H, a 6,8-diethyl-5-propenylindolizidine, and tentatively, a 1-ethyl-4-pentenynylquinolizidine, were indicated by the GC/MS fragmentation patterns, along with at least another six unidentified alkaloid components. Thus, one possible origin of pumiliotoxins, coccinellid alkaloids, and certain izidines found in poison frogs may be mites of the genusScheloribatesand perhaps related genera in the suborder Oribatida.