Interspecific Territories of Birds
Interspecific Territories of Birds
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鸟类的种间领地
DOI：
10.2307/1934921
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发表时间：
1964
期刊：
影响因子：
4.8
通讯作者：
M. Willson
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
G. Orians;M. Willson
鸟类的领地，通常是为了抵御同种个体，有时也是为了抵御其他物种的个体。由于这种行为需要时间和精力，自然选择应该有利于生态分化，建立重叠的领土，减少侵略。开发模式缺乏差异可能意味着没有足够的时间来完成变革，或者环境施加了某种限制，阻止了必要程度的差异的演变。这种环境限制可以预测在（a）结构简单的环境中，（B）当觅食地点在结构复杂的植被中强烈分层时，或（c）当环境中其他物种的存在阻止在某些方向上的分歧时。已知的鸟类种间领土的情况下进行了分析，并显示在很大程度上是根据这些预测，虽然有几个情况下，种间领土重叠的情况下，已预测提供值得进一步研究的关系。我们认为，达尔文选择在个人的水平上允许了解已知的鸟类群落结构，目前没有必要调用新的选择机制在社区或生态系统的水平。
Territories of birds, usually defended against conspecific individuals, are sometimes defended against individuals of other species. Since such behavior is demanding both of time and energy, natural selection should favor ecological should favor ecological divergence, the establishment of overlapping territories, and the reduction of aggression. Lack of divergence in modes of exploitation could mean that insufficient time has elapsed for the changes to be completed or that the environment imposes some limitation preventing the evolution of the required degree of divergence. Such environmental limitation can be predicted in (a) structurally simple environments, (b) when feeding sites are strongly stratified in structurally complex vegetation, or (c) when the presence of other species in the environment prevents divergence in certain directions. The known cases of interspecific territoriality in birds are analyzed and shown to be largely in accordance with these predictions, although several cases of overlapping territories in situations where interspecific territoriality has been predicted provide relationships worthy of further study. We suggest that Darwinian selection at the level of the individual permits an understanding of the known structure of avian communities and that there is no need at present to invoke new selective mechanisms at the level of the community or ecosystem.