[Epidemiology and prevention of cancer].
[Epidemiology and prevention of cancer].
复制标题
[癌症的流行病学和预防]。
DOI：
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发表时间：
2001
影响因子：
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通讯作者：
D. Zaridze
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
D. Zaridze
一级预防是癌症控制的重点。这主要适用于直接原因是吸烟的恶性肿瘤。通过多吃新鲜蔬菜和水果、减少热量、加强体力活动以及相应的体重减轻来改变营养，可以降低胃癌、结肠癌、乳腺癌、子宫癌、前列腺癌的发病率，并影响与吸烟和其他环境致癌因素有关的恶性肿瘤的风险。预防感染，包括接种疫苗，是控制子宫颈癌和肝癌、某些白血病和淋巴瘤、幽门螺杆菌相关胃癌的最有效方法。癌症控制的最重要组成部分是监测企业、环境和室内空气中的致癌物，并降低紫外线和电离辐射对人体的不利影响。分子生物学的进步使人们能够参与到癌变的各个阶段。评估与致癌接触有关的风险时，不仅要考虑环境因素的致癌性及其剂量，还要考虑个人的敏感性。关于不同致癌物质和肿瘤所特有的特定分子遗传变化的信息，即所谓的指纹，可用于确定致癌因素，并相应地用于预防、临床前诊断和早期癌变阶段的基因治疗。
Primary prevention is of priority in cancer control. This primarily applies to malignant neoplasms whose direct cause is smoking. Modifications in nutrition by consuming more fresh vegetables and fruits, by reducing calories, by enhancing physical activity, and correspondingly, a decrease in body weight will result in lower incidence of cancer of the stomach, colon, breast, uterine body, prostate and affect the risk for malignancy associated with smoking and other environmental carcinogenic factors. Prevention of infectious exposures, including vaccination, is the most effective method for controlling cancer of the cervix uteri and liver, some leukemias and lymphomas, H. pylori-associated gastric cancer. The most important components of cancer control are to monitor the enterprises, ambient and room air for carcinogens and to lower adverse impact of ultraviolet and ionizing radiation on man. Progress in molecular biology enables one to involve into carcinogenesis at its each stage. The risk associated with carcinogenic exposure can be assessed by taking into account not only the carcinogenicity of an environmental factor and its dosage, but also individual sensitivity. Information on specific molecular genetic changes that are specific for different carcinogenic substances and tumors, the so-called finger prints, may be used for identification of a carcinogenic factor and correspondingly for prevention, as well as preclinical diagnosis and gene therapy at early stages of carcinogenesis.