Patterns of animal dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Holarctic
Patterns of animal dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Holarctic
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DOI：
10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01368.x
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发表时间：
2001-08
影响因子：
1.9
通讯作者：
I. Sanmartín;H. Enghoff;F. Ronquist
中科院分区：
文献类型：
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作者：
I. Sanmartín;H. Enghoff;F. Ronquist
我们分析了模式的动物扩散，vicariance和多样化的基础上完整的57个现存的非海洋类群，共包括770种，记录从晚中生代到现在的地理事件。分析中使用了四个主要区域，每个区域对应于一个历史上持续存在的陆块：东部新北区（EN）、西部新北区（WN）、东部古北极区（EP）和西部古北极区（WP）。基于Parsimony的树拟合表明，没有显着支持的一般区域分支图的数据集。然而，分布是强烈的遗传保守性，如所揭示的分散变异分析（DIVA）。基于DIVA的排列测试被用来精确定位遗传学确定的脑电地形图模式。与预期一致，大陆扩散（WP ParticipEP和WN ParticipEN）比古大陆扩散（WN ParticipEP和EN ParticipWP）更常见，而古大陆扩散又比间断扩散（EN ParticipEP和WN ParticipWP）更常见。新北区（WN→EN比EN→WN更常见）和古北极区（EP→WP比WP→EP更常见）内都存在显着的扩散不对称性。CrossBeringian动物群的连接传统上被强调，但并不比跨大西洋的连接在我们的数据集更重要。为了分析随时间的变化，我们使用化石，生物和分子证据结合“分支时钟”将生物事件分为四个主要时间段。这些分析表明，跨大西洋分布（EN-WP）在早-中第三纪（70-20百万年）是常见的，而transBeringian分布（WN-EP）在这一时期是罕见的。大多数EN-EP分离可以追溯到早第三纪（70-45百万年），这表明它们是由跨大西洋而不是跨白令分布的分裂造成的。WN和WP的多样性在第四纪（<300万年）增加，而EP和EN则从第三纪早中期的最大值开始下降。伦敦林奈学会
We analysed patterns of animal dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Holarctic based on complete phylogenies of 57 extant non-marine taxa, together comprising 770 species, documenting biogeographic events from the Late Mesozoic to the present. Four major areas, each corresponding to a historically persistent landmass, were used in the analyses: eastern Nearctic (EN), western Nearctic (WN), eastern Palaeoarctic (EP) and western Palaeoarctic (WP). Parsimony-based tree fitting showed that there is no significantly supported general area cladogram for the dataset. Yet, distributions are strongly phylogenetically conserved, as revealed by dispersalvicariance analysis (DIVA). DIVA-based permutation tests were used to pinpoint phylogenetically determined biogeographic patterns. Consistent with expectations, continental dispersals (WP↔EP and WN↔EN) are significantly more common than palaeocontinental dispersals (WN↔EP and EN↔WP), which in turn are more common than disjunct dispersals (EN↔EP and WN↔WP). There is significant dispersal asymmetry both within the Nearctic (WN→EN more common than EN→WN) and the Palaeoarctic (EP→WP more common than WP→EP). CrossBeringian faunal connections have traditionally been emphasized but are not more important than cross-Atlantic connections in our data set. To analyse changes over time, we sorted biogeographic events into four major time periods using fossil, biogeographic and molecular evidence combined with a ‘branching clock’. These analyses show that trans-Atlantic distributions (EN–WP) were common in the Early–Mid Tertiary (70–20 Myr), whereas transBeringian distributions (WN–EP) were rare in that period. Most EN–EP disjunctions date back to the Early Tertiary (70–45 Myr), suggesting that they resulted from division of cross-Atlantic rather than cross-Beringian distributions. Diversification in WN and WP increased in the Quaternary (< 3 Myr), whereas in EP and EN it decreased from a maximum in the Early–Mid Tertiary. 2001 The Linnean Society of London